鍘熸枃浣滆咃細tombkeeper[0x40]xfocus.org
鍘熸枃閾炬帴錛?a >http://blog.xfocus.net/index.php?op=Default&postCategoryId=118&blogId=9
鍒涘緩鏃墮棿錛?005.06.01 21:00
鏇存柊鏃墮棿錛?005.07.11 22:20
[鏈枃涓ョ杞澆]
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14銆?230鍙互鎻掓墿灞曞瓨鍌ㄥ崱涔堬紵
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3230鏀寔鐑彃鎷擱S-MMC銆傗滃瓨鍌ㄥ崱鈥濊繖涓簲鐢ㄧ▼搴忛噷鏈夆滃彇鍑哄瓨鍌ㄥ崱鈥濈殑鎸夐挳錛屾寜涓嬪茍紜鍚庯紝灝卞儚浜庡湪Windows鐨勨滃畨鍏ㄥ垹闄ょ‖浠垛濋噷鍒犻櫎涓涓猆鐩樹竴鏍楓傛満鍣ㄧ殑鍚庣洊鎵撳紑錛屼竴涓皬鎸夐挳闅忎箣鏉懼紑錛屼細鎵ц涓婅堪鍚屾牱鐨勬搷浣溿?/font>
鎴戣嚧鐢礜okia瀹㈡湇錛岄棶濂逛滑3230鏈澶氭敮鎸佸澶х殑鍗★紝濂逛滑鏄繖涔堣鐨勶細Nokia鑷繁鍙敓浜ф渶澶?28M鐨勫崱錛屽茍涓擭okia涓嶆帹鑽愪嬌鐢ㄧ涓夋柟鐨勫崱銆傛垜鍙堥噸澶嶄簡鎴戠殑闂錛岃鎴戞兂鐭ラ亾鏈哄櫒鏈韓璁捐鏀寔澶氬ぇ鐨勫崱銆傚ス浠垯鍙堥噸澶嶄簡鍒氭墠鐨勫洖絳斻傛垜絎笁嬈℃彁鍑洪棶棰橈紝騫跺己璋冩垜闂殑鏄満鍣ㄦ湰韜敮鎸佸澶х殑鍗★紝鑰屼笉鏄?Nokia鐢熶駭澶氬ぇ鐨勫崱錛屽ス浠垯蹇犲疄鍦板皢鍒氭墠鐨勫洖絳斿張浣滀簡涓渚塊噸澶嶃?/font>
浠庣涓夋柟娓犻亾寰楀埌鐨勬秷鎭槸3230鏈澶ф敮鎸? G鐨凴S-MMC鍗°傛垜鑺?90涔頒簡涓寮燢ingMax 256M鐨勫崱錛屽湪3230涓婂彲浠ュ緢姝ｅ父鍦頒嬌鐢ㄣ備護鎴戝悆鎯婄殑鏄牸寮忓寲闈炲父蹇紝鍙敤浜嗕笉鍒?0縐掗挓鐨勬椂闂淬備互鍓嶅惉鍒漢璇達紝鏍煎紡鍖栦竴寮犲崱鑷沖皯闇瑕佹暟鍒嗛挓銆?/font>
涔頒簡鏂板崱涔嬪悗錛屽師閰嶇殑32M鍗″彲浠ョ暀鐫鐢ㄦ潵澶囦喚涓浜涢噸瑕佺殑涓漢淇℃伅銆?/font>
15銆?650/3650鍜?600/6670/7610涓婄殑杞歡鍙互鍦?230涓婃甯歌繍琛屼箞錛?/font>
鏍規嵁鎴戠殑瀹為獙錛岃秴榪囦笁鍒嗕箣浜岀殑7650/3650杞歡鍙互鍦?230涓婃甯歌繍琛屻傞氬父鏉ヨ錛屽拰紜歡娌′粈涔堝叧緋葷殑鈥斺旇濡傝鐪嬪浘銆佺湅涔︾殑杞歡錛屽熀鏈兘鍙互榪愯錛涜屽拰紜歡鍏崇郴姣旇緝澶х殑杞歡錛岃濡傛媿鐓ц蔣浠躲佹潵鐢甸槻鐏杞歡錛屽垯閫氬父閮戒笉鑳芥甯稿伐浣溿?/font>
涓嶈繃寰堝杞歡宸茬粡鎺ㄥ嚭浜嗛拡瀵?230絳夋柊嬈炬墜鏈虹殑鍗囩駭鐗堟湰銆傚湪鏈潵涓変釜鏈堝唴錛屾垜浠兂鐢ㄧ殑澶ч儴鍒嗚蔣浠跺簲璇ラ兘鍙互鎵懼埌銆?/font>
鑳藉湪6600/6670/7610涓婅繍琛岀殑杞歡鍩烘湰閮藉彲浠ユ甯稿伐浣滀簬3230銆?/font>
16銆?230鐨勫睆騫曟庝箞鏍鳳紵
寰堜笉閿欍?230鐢ㄤ簡65535鑹茬殑TFT灞忥紝鑹插僵鍜屽姣斿害閮戒笉閿欍傚睆騫曚寒搴︿篃寰堥珮錛屼互鑷充簬鎴戣鎶婁寒搴﹁皟鍒?0%鎵嶄笉瑙夊緱鍒虹溂銆?/font>
17銆佹垜鑳界敤3230涓奞Q鍜孧SN涔堬紵
鑵捐鍦╭q.com涓婃彁渚涗簡Symbian鐗堟湰鐨凲Q瀹㈡埛绔紝涓嶈繃榪樻病鏈夐拡瀵?230鐨勶紝涓嬮潰榪欎釜閾炬帴涓殑鏂囦歡鏄拡瀵?650/3650鐨勶紝緇忔垜嫻嬭瘯錛屽伐浣滄甯革細
http://mgame.qq.com/mqq/qq.SIS
涓嶈繃鎴戣寰楋紝閽堝6600/6670/7610鐨勭増鏈簲璇ヤ篃鍙互浣跨敤錛岃屼笖搴旇鏇村吋瀹逛竴浜涳紝姣曠珶瀹冧滑鍜?230閮芥槸鍩轟簬Symbian 7鐨勬満鍣紝鑰?650/3650鏄疭ymbian 6錛?br />
http://mgame.qq.com/mqq/qq_6600.SIS
http://mgame.qq.com/mqq/qq_6670.SIS
http://mgame.qq.com/mqq/qq_7610.SIS
浠ュ墠鐗堟湰鐨凙gile Messenger絳塎SN瀹㈡埛绔湪3230涓婇兘涓嶈兘姝ｅ父浣跨敤錛屾渶鏂扮殑Turbo MSN 1.9宸茬粡鍙互寰堝ソ鍦板湪3230涓婅繍琛屻?/font>
18銆?230鐨勯椆閽熻繕鏄彧鑳借瀹氫竴涓椆閾冧箞錛?/font>
鏄殑銆備篃璁告槸Nokia鎯崇粰鍐欓椆閾冭蔣浠剁殑灝忓叕鍙哥暀鐐圭敓瀛樼┖闂達紝榪欎釜浠?650鏃朵唬灝辮浜鴻療鐥呯殑闂涓鐩翠繚鎸佷簡涓嬫潵銆備笉榪囩幇鍦ㄥ彲浠ヨ嚜瀹氫箟闂歸挓鎵浣跨敤鐨勯搩澹頒簡銆傚彟澶栵紝鎴戝彂鐜癢orld Clock Pro鍦?230涓婁笉鑳借皟閾冨０澶у皬錛屽ソ鍦ㄩ粯璁ょ殑澹伴煶瓚沖鍝嶄簡銆?/font>
灝忔妧宸э細濡傛灉浣犱笉鎯充粎浠呬負浜嗚兘澶氬畾涔夊嚑涓椆閾冨氨棰濆瀹夎涓涓椆閾冭蔣浠剁殑璇濓紝鍙互鍦?230鐨勨滄棩鍘嗏濅腑寤虹珛甯﹂椆閾冪殑綰︿細鎻愰啋錛岃屼笖鍙互璁懼畾闂歸搩闊充箰錛岃瀹氭瘡澶┿佹瘡鍛ㄣ佹瘡鏈堣繕鏄瘡騫存彁閱掍竴嬈°?/font>
19銆侀櫎浜咼ava錛岃繕鏈夊埆鐨勮繍琛屽湪3230涓婄殑鑴氭湰璇█涔堬紵
浠や漢鍚冩儕鐨勬槸錛岀幇鍦ㄦ垜浠珶鐒跺彲浠ュ湪Symbian涓婅繍琛孭ython錛?br /> http://www.forum.nokia.com/main/0,,034-821,00.html
20銆?230鏄惁鍍?650閭ｆ牱錛屽睆騫曢潰鏉塊噷瀹規槗榪涚伆灝橈紵
鏄殑錛岃繖鏄釜緋熺硶鐨勯棶棰樸傛垜浠旂粏鐪嬩簡涓涓嬶紝搴旇鏄睆騫曚笅鏂圭殑瀵嗗皝嫻風壞涓嶅鍘氬鑷寸殑銆傛垜宸茬粡涔頒簡T5鐨勫唴鍏铻轟笣鍒錛屽噯澶囪嚜宸辨潵闄ゅ皹騫跺姞鍘氳繖鍧楁搗緇典簡銆?/font>
21銆?230鑳藉拰PC鍚屾涔堬紵
鍙互錛屼綘闇瑕佷笅杞絅okia PC濂椾歡錛?br /> http://nds2.nokia.com/files/support/china/phones/software/Nokia_PC_Suite_641_zh_sc.exe
22銆佹垜鎶婇殢鏈哄甫鐨凴S-MMC鍗′腑鐨勭▼搴忓垹闄や簡錛岀幇鍦ㄥ張鎯崇敤榪欎簺紼嬪簭浜嗭紝璇ユ庝箞鍔烇紵
濡傛灉浣犲緢騫歌繍錛岃璇嗗彟涓涓湁3230鎵嬫満鐨勪漢錛屽彲浠ヤ粠浠栭偅閲屾嫹璐濅竴浠姐傝涓嶇劧錛屽氨寰楀幓鎵綨okia鐨勫鏈嶏紝鎴戞兂榪欎釜鏈嶅姟搴旇鏄厤璐圭殑銆?/font>
23銆丯okia緗戠珯涓婃彁渚涗簡3230杞歡涓嬭澆涔堬紵
姣旇緝濂囨殑鏄紝3230鍙彁渚涗簡涓浜汥EMO杞歡鐨勪笅杞斤紝鑰屾病鏈夋寮忕殑杞歡涓嬭澆欏甸潰錛屼笉榪囪繖娌″叧緋伙紝7610鍜?681絳塖60鏈哄櫒鐨勮蔣浠訛紝3230鍩烘湰閮藉彲浠ョ敤錛?/font>
http://www.nokia.com.cn/cn/support/phones/models/n7610/downloads/downloads_game.shtml
http://www.nokia.com.cn/cn/support/phones/models/n6600/downloads/downloads_game.shtml
http://www.nokia.com.cn/cn/support/phones/models/n6681/downloads/downloads_game.shtml
http://www.nokia.com.cn/cn/support/phones/models/n6670/downloads/downloads_game.shtml
http://www.nokia.com.cn/cn/support/phones/models/n3650/downloads/downloads_game.shtml
娉ㄦ剰錛?681鐨勯偅涓滈煶涔愭挱鏀懼櫒鈥濊櫧濂斤紝浣嗘槸3230鐢ㄤ笉浜嗐傚洜涓?681鐨凪P3瑙ｇ爜鏄‖浠跺疄鐜扮殑銆?/font>
鎴戜釜浜鴻寰椾笅闈㈣繖浜涜蔣浠惰繕涓嶉敊錛?/font>
鎺屼笂鍥句功錛?br /> http://nds2.nokia.com/files/support/china/phones/software/ebook_6600.SIS
鎺屼笂鍥句功PC绔蔣浠訛細
http://nds2.nokia.com/files/support/china/phones/software/ebook_pc_sw.zip
鏌ュ彿綺劇伒錛?br /> http://nds2.nokia.com//files/support/china/phones/software/Vois_2011.sis
Quick Word錛?br /> http://nds2.nokia.com/files/support/china/phones/software/Lara_MMC_Quickword_China_china.SIS
Quick Point錛?br /> http://nds2.nokia.com/files/support/china/phones/software/Lara_MMC_Quickpoint_China_china.SIS
Quick Sheet錛?br /> http://nds2.nokia.com/files/support/china/phones/software/Lara_MMC_Quicksheet_China_china.SIS
Quick Office錛堝寘鍚笂榪頒笁涓蔣浠訛級錛?br /> http://nds2.nokia.com/files/support/china/phones/software/Quickoffice.SIS
24銆?230鎬庝箞閿佸睆錛?/font>
3230鍒氬嚭鏉ョ殑鏃跺欙紝鏈変漢鍐欐枃绔犺榪?230鐨勫嚑澶х己鐐癸紝鍏朵腑涓涓姜鐘跺氨鏄病鏈夆滈攣灞忛敭鈥濄侼okia鐨勮佺敤鎴烽兘鐭ラ亾錛氭墍鏈夌殑Nokia鐩存澘鎵嬫満閮芥槸鍏堟寜紜閿啀鎸?灝遍攣灞忥紝鍐嶆鍚屾牱鎿嶄綔灝卞紑閿併?/font>
25銆?230鐨凜PU鏄粈涔堬紵
ARM4T錛屼富棰?23MHz銆傛垜璁や負瀵逛簬涓涓澶勭悊1280脳960澶у皬鍥劇墖鐨勬満鍣ㄦ潵璇達紝200MHz鏄瘮杈冩伆褰撶殑鈥斺旇櫧鐒朵細澶氳楄垂涓浜涚數鍔涖?/font>
26銆佸惉璇?230鐨勬儏鏅ā寮忎腑錛屽鏋滄妸閾冨０鍏充簡錛屼篃灝變笉鑳戒嬌鐢ㄩ渿鍔ㄤ簡錛屾槸榪欐牱涔堬紵
榪欐槸涓涓瑙ｃ傚鏋淣okia鐨勭爺鍙戜漢鍛樹細鐘繖縐嶆剼锠㈤敊璇紝濡傛灉Nokia鐨凲C閮ㄩ棬榪炶繖縐嶆剼锠㈤敊璇兘媯鏌ヤ笉鍑烘潵錛岄偅鎴戜滑灝變笉浼氱煡閬揘okia榪欎釜鍚嶅瓧浜嗐?/font>
寰堝浜鴻涓哄湪鎯呮櫙妯″紡涓叧閾冨０鐨勬柟娉曞氨鏄皢鈥滈搩澹扮被鍨嬧濊緗負鈥滄棤澹扳濄傝繖閮芥槸琚滈搩澹扮被鍨嬧濊繖涓腑鏂囩炕璇戠粰璇鐨勩傝繖閲岀殑鑻辨枃鍘熸枃鏄淩inging Type鈥濄傗淩inging鈥濅笉搴旂悊瑙ｄ負鍚嶈瘝鈥滈搩澹扳濓紝鑰屽簲璇ユ槸Ring鐨勮繘琛屾椂鎴栬呮槸鍔ㄥ悕璇嶃傗淩inging Type鈥濇紜殑緲昏瘧鏄滃搷閾冪被鍨嬧濄備篃灝辨槸璇達紝璁劇疆鐨勬槸鏉ョ數鎻愮ず錛堝寘鎷搩澹板拰闇囧姩錛夋寜鐓т粈涔堟柟寮忓伐浣溿?/font>
濡傛灉璁劇疆涓衡滆繛緇搷閾冣濓紝灝辨剰鍛崇潃鎵璁劇疆鐨勬潵鐢墊彁紺猴紙鍖呮嫭閾冨０鍜岄渿鍔級閮戒細琚驚鐜Е鍙戯紱濡傛灉璁劇疆涓衡滄棤澹扳濓紝鑷劧鏄繛閾冨０甯﹂渿鍔ㄩ兘娌℃湁浜嗐?/font>
濡傛灉瑕佽緗竴涓病鏈夐搩澹頒絾鏄湁闇囧姩鐨勬儏鏅ā寮忥紝鍙渶鍦ㄢ滄潵鐢甸搩澹扳濅腑閫夋嫨鈥滃叧鈥濓紝灝嗏滈搩澹扮被鍨嬧濊緗負鈥滆繛緇搷閾冣濆嵆鍙?/font>
27銆佹垜甯屾湜Nokia鍦ㄤ笅涓涓崌綰om涓慨鏀規帀涓浜涜鍘岀殑Bug錛岃鎬庝箞鍋氾紵
娌′簨騫插鎵撳鏈嶇數璇?008800123錛屾妸閭ｄ簺闂鍙嶅鍚戝鏈嶅弽鏄犮傛渶鍚庤繖浜涙剰瑙佷細琚粺璁★紝濡傛灉鏈夊緢澶氫漢嬈＄殑鍙嶆槧錛岄偅涔堝氨浼氫紭鍏堣鑰冭檻瑙ｅ喅銆?/font>
28銆?230榪欎釜鍨嬪彿浠ｈ〃浠涔堟剰鎬濓紵
Nokia鎵嬫満浠ュ瀷鍙風殑絎竴涓暟瀛楁潵鍒掑垎緋誨垪錛?230鏄?鈥濈郴鍒楋紝浠ｈ〃鍏鋒湁鐙壒鍔熻兘錛屽瑙傛瘮杈冨鎬紝鏈夌壒鍒己鍖栧姛鑳界殑鏈哄櫒銆傚鏃忔垚鍛樻湁3650銆?300銆?200絳夈?/font>
29銆佹垜鍚漢璇?230鐨勬搷浣滅郴緇熸槸Symbian 70錛屽彲鏄張鐪嬪埌鏈変漢璇?230鏄疭60鐨勬満鍣紝S60涓嶅氨鏄疭ymbian 6.0鍚楋紵
S60 鏄疭eries60鐨勭緝鍐欙紝涓嶆槸Symbian 6.0鐨勭緝鍐欍係eries60鎸囩殑鏄墜鏈虹殑鎿嶄綔鐣岄潰銆傜浉搴旂殑榪樻湁Series40錛?230i絳夋満鍨嬶級銆丼eries80 錛?210/9300/9500絳?緋誨垪鏈哄瀷錛夈傞櫎3230涔嬪錛?650/3650/6600/6670/7610絳夋満鍨嬩嬌鐢ㄧ殑涔熸槸Series60鐨勭晫闈€?/font>
30銆佹垜鎬庝箞鎵嶈兘鎵懼埌紱繪垜鏈榪戠殑Nokia鏈嶅姟鐐癸紵
璇哄熀浜氬鎴鋒湇鍔＄綉鐐規煡璇細 http://www1.nokia.com.cn/carecenter
涓嬮潰鏄寳浜殑鏈嶅姟鐐癸細
鍚嶇О 鍦板潃 鐢佃瘽
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So far, we have looked at the JavaScript to do the AJAX call (listed above) and the Struts Action, ActionForm, and JSP (mostly the same, with the addition of <span> tags). To complete our understanding of the Struts-AJAX project, we need to look at the three JavaScript functions that are responsible for updating the current web page when the results from the server are received.
-
processStateChange(): The method name that we set before making the AJAX call. This method is called by theXMLHttpRequest/Microsoft.XMLHTTPobject once the server has completed sending back its response. -
splitTextIntoSpan(): Loops through the response, picking out an array of<span id="someName">NewContent</span>elements. -
replaceExistingWithNewHtml(): Loops through this array of span elements, searching for<span>'someName'and replacing them with the new content from the server. Note that we get the returned content viareq.responseTextfor robustness (since it allows us to manipulate any text response), rather thanreq.responseXml(which is more powerful, but requires that you return valid XHTML or XML).
function processStateChange() {
if (req.readyState == 4) { // Complete
if (req.status == 200) { // OK response
//Split the text response into Span elements
spanElements =
splitTextIntoSpan(req.responseText);
//Use these span elements to update the page
replaceExistingWithNewHtml(spanElements);
} else {
alert("Problem with server response:\n "
+ req.statusText);
}
}
}
replaceExistingWithNewHtml() is a "private" method used by the processStateChange() method.
function replaceExistingWithNewHtml
(newTextElements){
//loop through newTextElements
for(var i=newTextElements.length-1;i>=0;--i){
//check that this begins with <span
if(newTextElements[i].
indexOf("<span")>-1){
//get the span name - sits
// between the 1st and 2nd quote mark
//Make sure your spans are in the format
//<span id="someName">NewContent</span>
startNamePos=newTextElements[i].
indexOf('"')+1;
endNamePos=newTextElements[i].
indexOf('"',startNamePos);
name=newTextElements[i].
substring(startNamePos,endNamePos);
//get the content - everything
// after the first > mark
startContentPos=newTextElements[i].
indexOf('>')+1;
content=newTextElements[i].
substring(startContentPos);
//Now update the existing Document
// with this element, checking that
// this element exists in the document
if(document.getElementById(name)){
document.getElementById(name).
innerHTML = content;
}
}
}
splitTextIntoSpan() is a "private" method used by the processStateChange() method.
function splitTextIntoSpan(textToSplit){
//Split the document
returnElements=textToSplit.
split("</span>")
//Process each of the elements
for(var i=returnElements.length-1;i>=0;--i){
//Remove everything before the 1st span
spanPos = returnElements[i].
indexOf("<span");
//if we find a match, take out
//everything before the span
if(spanPos>0){
subString=returnElements[i].
substring(spanPos);
returnElements[i]=subString;
}
}
return returnElements;
}
New Flow of Control
By adding the above JavaScript code to our application, the following steps now happen on the server and on the browser.
- The page loads as per a normal Struts application.
- The user changes a textbox value, triggering an
onChange()event, which calls theretrieveURL()JavaScript function. - This JavaScript function makes a (background) call to the Struts
Actionon the server, passing in all of the form variables in a way that Struts will understand. - This JavaScript function also sets the name of a second JavaScript function, which will be called when the server response is finished. In this case, it is set to the
processStateChange()method. - As expected, when the server response is finished, the
processStateChange()method is called. - The JavaScript loops through all of the
<span>elements in the (new) server response. Where it finds a<span>in the existing page with the same name, it updates it with the new content.
Designing AJAX into Your Application
The JavaScript outlined above can cope with the way Struts is used in most applications, including those that are much more complex than our simple example. However, you may find that following the points below makes it easier to write and use your code:
- To avoid duplicated code, it can often be better to use the same Struts
Actionand JSP for the initial request (i.e., show full page) and the AJAX (update part of page) requests. - Within the common
Action(controller) class, decide which sections of the JSP page (all of the JSP or only part of it) need to be sent to the browser. By setting flags in either the web serversessionorActionForm, the JSP page knows which sections need to be rendered. - Within the JSP, use Struts
<logic:equal>or JSTL tags to decide if we need to render a section of HTML or not.
An updated version of this project, with AJAX enabled, can be downloaded here: struts-Ajax.zip
Conclusion
AJAX techniques promise to completely revolutionize how we build and use web applications. This article showed a simple technique to add AJAX behavior to existing Struts applications. It allows us to reuse our existing investment, not only in code but also in developer skills. As a nice by-product, it also allows us to write cleaner, more reusable, Java Struts applications.
]]>
Take a look at the Figures 3 and 4 below. At first glance, they seem similar to our previous ones. The difference is that after then screen loads (Figure 3) and the values in the textboxes are changed, the screen automatically updates without the screen going blank, giving the result as per Figure 4. The normal Submit button is also still there, should you choose to use it.
Figure 3. AJAX sample after page load
Figure 4. AJAX sample after AJAX call
Adding this AJAX behavior is surprisingly easy. The server-side code is the same as usual: a Struts ActionForm to hold the data, and a Struts Action that performs the tasks required (e.g., database access) and then forwards to the appropriate JSP to display the result.
Don't Just Sit There
If you wish to stop reading here (and skip the explanation of how this works) then here is all you need to do to convert your Struts application to a Struts-AJAX application in a similar manner:- Include the Ajax.js JavaScript file on your web page (this file is part of the struts-ajax.zip sample file). Ajax.js contains all of the JavaScript functions necessary to send and receive AJAX calls.
- Ensure the parts of the web page that you wish to update during AJAX calls are surrounded by
<span>tags, giving each anid. - When something happens that should update the page (e.g., the
onchange()method of a textbox), call theretrieveURL()function, passing in the URL to the StrutsActionthat will do the necessary server-side processing. - For page display/update, the easiest option is for the Struts
Actionto forward back to the same JSP. In our sample, we trigger the AJAX call in theonchange()method of theshowGreen/showBluetextboxes.
The JavaScript function retrieveURL() calls Struts on the server (via the URL provided), takes the JSP response, and updates the web page being displayed, where the <span> tags on the existing web page match those on the newly returned JSP. Simple!
The AJAX Solution in More Detail
When we converted the previous sample into an AJAX-Struts application we made three changes:- Added a JavaScript function to do the "behind the scenes" AJAX call to the server.
- Added JavaScript code to receive the server response and update the web page.
- Added
<span>tags to the JSP page, which mark sections that will be updated during AJAX calls.
We will look at each of these in more detail.
Making the AJAX Call to the Server
There are two functions (listed below) that are used to call the server.- The
retrieveURL()function takes a parameter of the URL of the server and the name of the Struts form. The URL will be called using AJAX and the values of the form passed to the server. getFormAsString()is a function that converts the values on the form named inretrieveURL()into a query string suitable for posting to Struts on the server.
To use, simply add the retrieveURL() function to the onclick()/onChange() method of the event you wish to trigger the screen update.
There are some interesting items going on in both methods.
Within the retrieveURL() method, the line req.onreadystatechange = processStateChange (note: no brackets) tells the browser to call the processStateChange() method (which we talk through later in this article) once the server sends back its response. This method (now standard in AJAX) also determines whether it should use the Internet Explorer (ActiveX) or Netscape/Mozilla (XmlHttpRequest) object to ensure cross-browser compatibility.
The getFormAsString() method converts the HTML form into a string to be appended to the URL (which allows us to do a HTTP GET request). This string is escaped (spaces are converted to %20, etc.) and is in a format that Struts can use to populate an ActionForm (without Struts being aware of the special AJAX nature of the request). Note that while we use a HTTP GET in this sample, it would be equally possible to use a HTTP POST by looping in a similar manner and adding the form fields to the request.
function retrieveURL(url,nameOfFormToPost) {
//convert the url to a string
url=url+getFormAsString(nameOfFormToPost);
//Do the AJAX call
if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
// Non-IE browsers
req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.onreadystatechange = processStateChange;
try {
req.open("GET", url, true);
} catch (e) {
alert("Server Communication Problem\n"+e);
}
req.send(null);
} else if (window.ActiveXObject) {
// IE
req = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
if (req) {
req.onreadystatechange=processStateChange;
req.open("GET", url, true);
req.send();
}
}
}
getFormAsString() is a "private" method used by the retrieveURL() method.
function getFormAsString(formName){
//Setup the return String
returnString ="";
//Get the form values
formElements=document.forms[formName].elements;
//loop through the array, building up the url
//in the format '/strutsaction.do&name=value'
for(var i=formElements.length-1;i>=0; --i ){
//we escape (encode) each value
returnString+="&"
+escape(formElements[i].name)+"="
+escape(formElements[i].value);
}
//return the values
return returnString;
}]]>
This article shows a simple and elegant way to do this by including a couple of lines of JavaScript on your JavaServer Pages (JSPs). While we show how to reuse existing Struts actions, the techniques are equally applicable to the Java-Web framework of your choice. The method proposed will also allow a move to the next version of Struts (Shale) or JavaServer Faces (JSF) in the future.
What is AJAX?
AJAX stands for "Asynchronous JavaScript and XML." It is a technique, rather than a framework (such as Struts). The reason for the buzz around it is that it allows web pages to behave less like flat documents and more like dynamic GUI apps that users might expect from their desktop environments. AJAX techniques can be used for all recent browsers (including Internet Explorer and Netscape/Mozilla). It is already used by (among others) Microsoft (for its Outlook web client) and Google (for Google Maps and Gmail).
Life Before AJAX
Most current Struts applications follow the standard "web page as a flat document" structure. If you wanted to mimic the behavior of GUI desktop apps (such as those built using Java Swing, Visual Basic, or Delphi) you had two choices: you could either send all of the information that might possibly required as part the web page with (a lot of) JavaScript to handle the dynamic behavior (a slow and not very enterprise-Java way to do things), or you could do constant form submits back to the server (an effective, if somewhat clunky, method). AJAX gives you the best of both worlds: dynamic web pages, but with most of the application running in Java on your web server.
AJAX 101
AJAX is similar to existing Dynamic HTML techniques, with the addition of a "background" call to the server to get new/updated information as required. The mechanics of AJAX have already been covered in detail elsewhere--take a look at the Resources section at the end of this article for some good examples. The minimum you need to know is:
- The
XMLHttpRequest(orMicrosoft.XMLHTTPActiveX object if you are using Internet Explorer). These objects can be called from the JavaScript on your web page. They allow you to request content from your web server as a background call (i.e., the screen does not "go blank" as usually happens during a form submit). - The content that the
XMLHttpRequestandMicrosoft.XMLHTTPobjects return can be treated as either XML or plain text. JavaScript (on your web page) can then update the page with this new content as required. - The whole process can be triggered by the usual JavaScript events:
onclick,onchange,onblur, etc.
Using AJAX in Your Struts Application
The chances are that if you are reading this article, then you are interested in AJAX's ability to create dynamic web interfaces and would like to know how to add it to a Struts application. What are your options if you want to do this?
- Wait until the next version of Struts (Shale) incorporates AJAX techniques. For Struts developers starting a new application this is probably the best option. The downside is that this will probably require moving to JavaServer Faces--not a bad thing in itself, but this may entail fundamental changes if you have an existing application.
- You could move to a new approach, like Direct Web Remoting (DWR) or Ruby on Rails, which are specifically built for AJAX applications. While these are both very impressive frameworks, and are worth taking a look at if you wish to consider web development without Struts, this option would mean rewriting your entire application.
- Add AJAX to your existing Struts application. Since AJAX is a technique, not a framework, it is straightforward to add it to Struts. For existing applications where stability (e.g., keeping existing libraries) is important, this option is recommended and is the one we explore in more detail.
Some other advantages of our preferred option are:
- It should not require any new libraries or server side code; only the Struts libraries and actions already in the application need be used.
- All of the parts of the solution--JavaScript, XML, Java and Struts--are already widely understood.
- The application can be migrated to AJAX piece by piece; we can identify those parts which will most benefit users, and then choose to upgrade them to dynamic AJAX behavior first.
Implementing the Solution
How do we actually implement our chosen solution? We start by reminding ourselves how a "standard" (non-AJAX) Struts application works. In this application, the normal flow of events is as follows:
- The user requests a screen by clicking a hyperlink or form submit button.
- The web server runs the requested Struts
Action, generating the web page. - The browser displays the page.
- When the user presses Save, the information is posted to the server, where it's converted by the Struts framework to an
ActionFormclass containing the posted data. - The Struts framework then calls the Struts
Actionthat then processes the request (e.g., saves the data to a database). - The page is rendered as per item 2, and the process starts again.
Existing Struts Application
A simple Struts application demonstrating this flow of events can be downloaded here: struts-non-ajax.zip. This application, based on the sample applications provided with Struts, either hides or displays blue and green tables depending on the values entered by the user. Figure 1 shows the screen on initial page load. Figure 2 shows the screen after the user has entered values and pressed Submit. Although simple, it is enough to demonstrate a Struts application at work.
Figure 1. Non-AJAX sample: Initial screen
Figure 2. Non-AJAX sample: Values entered, Submit pressed
The server-side code is as you would expect: a Struts Action that forwards to the (same) JSP using the values defined in struts-config.xml. Some other points to note in this code sample are:
- The struts-config.xml file is set up to redirect all requests to
http://localhost:8080/struts-non-ajax/(or the equivalent in your web server) to index.jsp. -
index.jsp contains a Struts form with two text boxes (
showBlueandshowGreen). The page also contains - The user enters values (true or false) and presses the Submit button, passing control (via the Struts Framework, reading struts-config.xml) to the
SampleActionclass. -
SampleActionlogs the values, and then forwards back to index.jsp. A more sophisticated Struts application would do more, such as saving to or retrieving from a database. -
index.jsp now evaluates the request; if
showBlueorshowGreenaretrue, the tables will be displayed.
There is nothing "wrong" with this application. After all, similar Struts projects have been deployed for years. But how do we to add dynamic behavior to this application, without adding complex JavaScript or continual form submits?
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