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RequestDispatcher defines an object that receives requests from the client and sends them to any resource (such as a servlet, HTML file, or JSP file) on the server. The servlet container creates the RequestDispatcher object, which is used as a wrapper around a server resource located at a particular path or given by a particular name.

An object implementing the RequestDispatcher interface may be obtained via the following methods:

The ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher method takes a String argument describing a path within the scope of the ServletContext. This path must be relative to the root of the ServletContext and begin with a '/'. The method uses the path to look up a servlet, using the servlet path matching rules, wraps it with a RequestDispatcher object, and returns the resulting object. If no servlet can be resolved based on the given path, a RequestDispatcher is provided that returns the content for that path.

The ServletContext.getNamedDispatcher method takes a String argument indicating the NAME of a servlet known to the ServletContext. If a servlet is found, it is wrapped with a RequestDispatcher object and the object is returned. If no servlet is associated with the given name, the method must return null.

To allow RequestDispatcher objects to be obtained using relative paths that are relative to the path of the current request (not relative to the root of the ServletContext), the ServletRequest.getRequestDispatcher method is provided in the ServletRequest interface. The behavior of this method is similar to the method of the same name in the ServletContext. The servlet container uses information in the request object to transform the given relative path against the current servlet to a complete path. For example, in a context rooted at '/' and a request to /garden/tools.html, a request dispatcher obtained via ServletRequest.getRequestDispatcher("header.html") will behave exactly like a call to ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/garden/header.html").

RequestDispatcher creation and using.

public class Dispatcher extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) {

RequestDispatcher dispatcher =

request.getRequestDispatcher("/template.jsp");

if (dispatcher != null) dispatcher.forward(request, response);

}

}

forward should be called before the response has been committed to the client (before response body output has been flushed). If the response already has been committed, this method throws an IllegalStateException. Uncommitted output in the response buffer is automatically cleared before the forward.

public class Dispatcher extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) {

RequestDispatcher dispatcher =

getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/banner");

if (dispatcher != null) dispatcher.include(request, response);

}

}

Includes the content of a resource (servlet, JSP page, HTML file) in the response. In essence, this method enables programmatic server-side includes. The ServletResponse object has its path elements and parameters remain unchanged from the caller's. The included servlet cannot change the response status code or set headers; any attempt to make a change is ignored.

package javax.servlet;

public interface RequestDispatcher {

public void forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, java.io.IOException;

public void include(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, java.io.IOException;

}

The include method of the RequestDispatcher interface may be called at ANY time. The target servlet of the include method has access to all aspects of the request object, but its use of the response object is more limited. It can only write information to the ServletOutputStream or Writer of the response object and commit a response by writing content past the end of the response buffer, or by explicitly calling the flushBuffer method of the ServletResponse interface. It CANNOT set headers or call any method that affects the headers of the response. Any attempt to do so must be ignored.

The forward method of the RequestDispatcher interface may be called by the calling servlet ONLY when NO output has been committed to the client. If output data exists in the response buffer that has not been committed, the content must be cleared before the target servlet's service method is called. If the response has been committed, an IllegalStateException must be thrown.

The path elements of the request object exposed to the target servlet must reflect the path used to obtain the RequestDispatcher. The only exception to this is if the RequestDispatcher was obtained via the getNamedDispatcher method. In this case, the path elements of the request object must reflect those of the original request. Before the forward method of the RequestDispatcher interface returns, the response content MUST be sent and committed, and closed by the servlet container.

The ServletContext and ServletRequest methods that create RequestDispatcher objects using path information allow the optional attachment of query string information to the path. For example, a Developer may obtain a RequestDispatcher by using the following code:

String path = "/raisins.jsp?orderno=5";

RequestDispatcher rd = context.getRequestDispatcher(path);

rd.include(request, response);

Parameters specified in the query string used to create the RequestDispatcher take precedence over other parameters of the same name passed to the included servlet. The parameters associated with a RequestDispatcher are scoped to apply only for the duration of the include or forward call.

Additional request-scoped attributes.

Except for servlets obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method, a servlet that has been invoked by another servlet using the include method of RequestDispatcher has access to the path by which it was invoked.

The following request attributes must be set:

These attributes are accessible from the included servlet via the getAttribute method on the request object and their values must be equal to the request URI, context path, servlet path, path info, and query string of the INCLUDED servlet, respectively. If the request is subsequently included, these attributes are replaced for that include.

If the included servlet was obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method, these attributes MUST NOT be set.

Except for servlets obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method, a servlet that has been invoked by another servlet using the forward method of RequestDispatcher has access to the path of the ORIGINAL request.

The following request attributes must be set:

The values of these attributes must be equal to the return values of the HttpServletRequest methods getRequestURI, getContextPath, getServletPath, getPathInfo, getQueryString respectively, invoked on the request object passed to the first servlet object in the call chain that received the request from the client.

These attributes are accessible from the forwarded servlet via the getAttribute method on the request object. Note that these attributes must always reflect the information in the original request even under the situation that multiple forwards and subsequent includes are called.

If the forwarded servlet was obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method, these attributes must not be set.