在這一篇中，我將向大家介紹圖形用戶界面中的低級圖形用戶界面。所謂低級圖形用戶界面，指的是那種我們可以自己在上面畫圖的控件，它是和TextBox，List等等這些用戶控件剛好相對的概念，因?yàn)檫@些用戶控件的形狀是事先畫好的，無需我們程序員操心，所以稱為高級圖形界面。低級圖形用戶界面什么東西都需要我們自己畫，所以比較復(fù)雜，當(dāng)然也更加靈活，只有想不到，沒有畫不出，所以我們先介紹它。
在J2ME開發(fā)中，低級圖形用戶界面是由javax.microedition.lcdui.Canvas類實(shí)現(xiàn)的，我們只要繼承這個類，并實(shí)現(xiàn)這個類的paint方法，就可以隨心所欲的進(jìn)行繪畫了。當(dāng)然，繪畫之前，我們少不了要了解我們的手機(jī)屏幕究竟有多大的畫圖空間，這可以通過調(diào)用Canvas類的getWidth和getHeight方法實(shí)現(xiàn)。下面是一個簡短的程序，向大家演示了怎么獲畫布的大小，同時(shí)，也算是一個小小的框架。首先，當(dāng)然是創(chuàng)建我們自己的畫布，代碼如下：
package?com.xkland.j2me;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Canvas;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Graphics;
/**?*//**
?*
?*?@author?海邊沫沫
?*/
public?class?MyCanvas?extends?Canvas?
{
????
????/**?*//**?Creates?a?new?instance?of?MyCanvas?*/
????public?MyCanvas()?{
????}
????
????public?void?clearBackground(Graphics?g){
????????int?color?=?g.getColor();
????????g.setColor(0xffffff);
????????g.fillRect(0,0,getWidth(),getHeight());
????????g.setColor(color);
????}
????
????public?void?paint(Graphics?g){
????????//清除背景
????????clearBackground(g);
????????
????????//顯示可供繪圖的區(qū)域的大小
????????g.drawString("寬度：",10,10,Graphics.LEFT|Graphics.TOP);
????????g.drawString(String.valueOf(getWidth()),50,10,Graphics.LEFT|Graphics.TOP);
????????g.drawString("高度：",10,25,Graphics.LEFT|Graphics.TOP);
????????g.drawString(String.valueOf(getHeight()),50,25,Graphics.LEFT|Graphics.TOP);
????}
????
} 第二個類當(dāng)然就是我們的Midlet了，因?yàn)樗侵鞒绦蚵?。在程序啟動的時(shí)候調(diào)用display.setCurrent將畫布設(shè)置為主界面，同時(shí)設(shè)置事件監(jiān)聽器。代碼比較簡單，如下：
package?com.xkland.j2me;
import?javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
/**?*//**
?*
?*?@author??海邊沫沫
?*?@version
?*/
public?class?CanvasTest?extends?MIDlet{
????private?Canvas?canvas?=?new?MyCanvas();
????private?Display?display?=?null;
????private?Command?exitCommand?=?new?Command("退出",Command.EXIT,1);
????
????public?void?startApp()?{
????????if(display==null){
????????????display?=?Display.getDisplay(this);
????????????canvas.addCommand(exitCommand);
????????????canvas.setCommandListener(new?MyCommandListener(this,canvas));
????????????display.setCurrent(canvas);
????????}
????}
????
????public?void?pauseApp()?{
????}
????
????public?void?destroyApp(boolean?unconditional)?{
????}
} 第三個類當(dāng)然是我們的事件監(jiān)聽器類了，等一下我們會講到，Canvas支持許多低級事件，比如鍵盤的按鍵事件，所以我們這里把事件監(jiān)聽器單獨(dú)抽取出來，代碼如下：
package?com.xkland.j2me;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.CommandListener;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Command;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Displayable;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Canvas;
/**?*//**
?*
?*?@author?海邊沫沫
?*/
public?class?MyCommandListener?implements?CommandListener{
????
????private?CanvasTest?app;
????private?Canvas?canvas;
????
????/**?*//**?Creates?a?new?instance?of?MyCommandListener?*/
????public?MyCommandListener(CanvasTest?app,Canvas?canvas)?{
????????this.app?=?app;
????????this.canvas?=?canvas;
????}
????
????public?void?commandAction(Command?cmd,?Displayable?displayable){
????????if(cmd.getLabel().equalsIgnoreCase("退出")){
????????????app.destroyApp(false);
????????????app.notifyDestroyed();
????????}
????}
????
} 下面是運(yùn)行效果：
知道了畫圖區(qū)域的大小，同時(shí)又知道Canvas可以支持許多低級事件，我們就可以發(fā)揮我們自己的想象力創(chuàng)建一個小游戲了。下面，我將寫一個簡單的拼圖游戲，只需要使用上下左右四個方向鍵操作即可，在事件監(jiān)聽器中，我們只需響應(yīng)Canvas的keyPressed()事件即可。代碼也不復(fù)雜，只需把上面的程序稍加擴(kuò)展即可。當(dāng)然，我們還需要準(zhǔn)備一些圖片當(dāng)素材。
首先，在網(wǎng)上隨便找一張圖片，使用圖形編輯軟件調(diào)整圖片的大小，然后再裁成3*4共12幅圖象。把這12幅圖象分別命名為1.png到12.png，同時(shí)還要準(zhǔn)備一張全白的圖片，命名為0.png，這張圖片和前面的12張圖片一樣大小。在項(xiàng)目所在的文件夾下建立一個文件夾，取名為pictures，把這些圖片都拷貝進(jìn)去。在NetBeans IDE左邊的文件選項(xiàng)卡中可以看到這些文件，如圖：
但是，在生成項(xiàng)目的時(shí)候，這些文件并不會自動打包到項(xiàng)目中，我們必須將這個文件夾捆綁為該項(xiàng)目的資源。在項(xiàng)目上點(diǎn)右鍵，在彈出的菜單中選擇屬性，彈出如下對話框，選中左邊的“庫和資源”，在右邊點(diǎn)擊“添加文件夾”按鈕即可：
下面是我的MyCanvas類的全部代碼，其它兩個類的代碼沒有改變。在這里，我使用的圖片是174*280的大小，切割后的小圖片每一個都是58*70的大小，空白的圖片也是58*70的大小。請看代碼：
package?com.xkland.j2me;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Canvas;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Graphics;
import?javax.microedition.lcdui.Image;
import?java.util.Random;
/**?*//**
?*
?*?@author?海邊沫沫
?*/
public?class?MyCanvas?extends?Canvas?{
????public?int[][]?pics?=?new?int[4][4];
????public?Image[]?images?=?new?Image[13];
????public?int?step?=?0;
????public?int?spaceX?=?3;
????public?int?spaceY?=?0;
????public?int?spaceValue?=?0;
????
????/**?*//**?Creates?a?new?instance?of?MyCanvas?*/
????public?MyCanvas()?{
????????//隨機(jī)填充數(shù)組
????????for(int?i=0;i<4;i++){
????????????for(int?j=0;j<3;j++){
????????????????pics[i][j]?=?i*3?+?j?+?1;
????????????}
????????}???????
????????pics[0][3]?=?0;
????????
????????Random?rand?=?new?Random();
????????for(int?i=0;?i<4;?i++){
????????????int?x1?=?rand.nextInt(3);
????????????int?y1?=?rand.nextInt(4);
????????????int?x2?=?rand.nextInt(3);
????????????int?y2?=?rand.nextInt(4);
????????????int?n?=?pics[y1][x1];
????????????pics[y1][x1]?=?pics[y2][x2];
????????????pics[y2][x2]?=?n;
????????}
????????
????????//載入圖片
????????for(int?i=0;?i<13;?i++){
????????????try{
????????????????images[i]?=?Image.createImage("/"?+?String.valueOf(i)?+?".png");
????????????}catch(Exception?e){
????????????????//不做處理
????????????}
????????}
????}
????
????public?void?clearBackground(Graphics?g){
????????int?color?=?g.getColor();
????????g.setColor(0xcccccc);
????????g.fillRect(0,0,getWidth(),getHeight());
????????g.setColor(color);
????}
????
????public?void?paint(Graphics?g){
????????//清除背景
????????clearBackground(g);
????????
????????//繪制網(wǎng)格
????????g.setColor(0x000000);
????????g.drawRect(1,3,236,284);
????????g.drawLine(1,74,237,74);
????????g.drawLine(1,145,178,145);
????????g.drawLine(1,216,178,216);
????????g.drawLine(60,3,60,287);
????????g.drawLine(119,3,119,287);
????????g.drawLine(178,3,178,287);
????????
????????//根據(jù)pics數(shù)組和images數(shù)組的內(nèi)容繪圖到網(wǎng)格中
????????for(int?i=0;?i<4;?i++){
????????????for(int?j=0;?j<3;?j++){
????????????????g.drawImage(images[pics[i][j]],j*59+2,i*71+4,Graphics.TOP|Graphics.LEFT);
????????????}
????????}
????????g.drawImage(images[pics[0][3]],179,4,Graphics.TOP|Graphics.LEFT);
????????
????????//繪制所用的步驟
????????g.drawString("步數(shù)：",182,140,Graphics.TOP|Graphics.LEFT);
????????g.setColor(0xffffff);
????????g.fillRect(182,158,50,18);
????????g.setColor(0xff0000);
????????g.drawString(String.valueOf(step),187,160,Graphics.TOP|Graphics.LEFT);
????}
????
???????
????public?void?keyPressed(int?keyCode){
????????switch(getGameAction(keyCode)){
????????????case?RIGHT:
????????????????right();
????????????????break;
????????????case?LEFT:
????????????????left();
????????????????break;
????????????case?UP:
????????????????up();
????????????????break;
????????????case?DOWN:
????????????????down();
????????????????break;
????????}
???????repaint();
????}
????
????public?void?up(){
????????if(spaceY?<?3){
????????????pics[spaceY][spaceX]?=?pics[spaceY+1][spaceX];
????????????pics[spaceY+1][spaceX]?=?0;
????????????spaceY?++;
????????????step?++;
????????}
????}
????
????public?void?down(){
????????if(spaceY?>0){
????????????pics[spaceY][spaceX]?=?pics[spaceY-1][spaceX];
????????????pics[spaceY-1][spaceX]?=?0;
????????????spaceY?--;
????????????step?++;
????????}
????????
????}
????
????public?void?left(){
????????int?rightLimit?=?2;
????????if(spaceY?==?0){
????????????rightLimit?=?3;
????????}
????????if(spaceX?<?rightLimit){
????????????pics[spaceY][spaceX]?=?pics[spaceY][spaceX+1];
????????????pics[spaceY][spaceX+1]?=?0;
????????????spaceX?++;
????????????step?++;
????????}
????????
????}
????
????public?void?right(){
????????if(spaceX?>?0?){
????????????pics[spaceY][spaceX]?=?pics[spaceY][spaceX?-1];
????????????pics[spaceY][spaceX-1]?=?0;
????????????spaceX?--;
????????????step?++;
????????}
????????
????}????
} 運(yùn)行項(xiàng)目，得到如下的效果，使用上下左右四個鍵可以移動圖片：
游戲過程中的截圖：
游戲完成后的截圖：
當(dāng)然，大家也可以自己添加拼圖完成后的判斷代碼，在拼圖成功后自動彈出提示信息。