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Groovy輕松入門——Grails實戰基礎篇（更新于2008.02.05）

在學習任何東西之前，最重要的是培養興趣，Groovy世界最耀眼的技術之一－－Grails相信大家早已耳聞，我將通過Grails實戰系列文章向您展現Grails的迷人風采，使您感受到Grails的魅力，以至瘋狂地愛上Grails，并墜入Groovy的愛河。學Groovy，Grails與學Java一樣，在實戰之前需要搭建開發環境，您可以在 Groovy輕松入門－－搭建Groovy開發環境學習到如何搭建Groovy環境，之后我會講一下如何搭建Grails環境，然后手把手地寫個Demo程序告終，我還會抽空寫篇“Groovy輕松入門－－Grails實戰之進階篇”

一，搭建Grails環境
0，下載Grails(?http://dist.codehaus.org/grails/grails-bin-1.0.zip ，請留意朝花夕拾——Groovy & Grails中的“最新版本”提示)并解壓到自己指定位置（我的位置是D:\D\MY_DEV\grails）
1，設置環境變量GRAILS_HOME（注意大寫），過程與“設置環境變量GROOVY_HOME”相似
2，將%GRAILS_HOME%\bin添加到環境變量path中，過程與“將GROOVY_HOME目錄下的bin追加到環境變量path中”相似
（如果只想進行Grails開發，可以不設GROOVY_HOME）

二，創建Grails Demo程序
3，打開“命令行”，選擇當前目錄（我的為D:\Temp\grails_apps），在黑底白字的窗口中輸入“grails create-app demo”，不包括雙引號“”，在您的屏幕中可以看到類似下面的輸出結果：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps>grails create-app demo

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\CreateApp.groovy
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\src
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\src\java
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\src\groovy
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\controllers
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\services
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\taglib
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\utils
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\views
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\views\layouts
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\i18n
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\unit
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\integration
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\scripts
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\js
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\css
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\images
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\classes
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\META-INF
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\lib
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf\spring
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf\hibernate
[propertyfile] Creating new property file: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\application.properties
???? [copy] Copying 2 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
???? [copy] Copying 2 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF
???? [copy] Copying 5 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\tld
???? [copy] Copying 87 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app
???? [copy] Copying 17 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
[propertyfile] Updating property file: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\application.properties
Created Grails Application at D:\_DEV\grails_apps/demo
D:\_DEV\grails_apps>

通過“grails create-app”這個命令，Grails自動幫我們創建了開發所需的工程環境。其實您現在就已經擁有了一個可運行的Web應用程序，
然后進入demo目錄(“cd demo”)，輸入“grails run-app”，回車，啟動這個‘五臟俱全’的程序雛形，打開瀏覽器，輸入 http://localhost:8080/demo ，回車，看到了吧 :) 讓我們繼續吧，請停止這個程序(Ctrl + C)

4，在“命令行”中輸入“cd demo”，回車，以進入demo目錄，然后再輸入“grails create-domain-class User”創建domain class即類似于pojo的pogo，它對應MVC中的Model，不過由Grails自動創建的pogo是空的，需要自己添加屬性，約束（constraints）等。輸出結果如下所示：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails create-domain-class User

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\CreateDomainClass.groovy
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain
Created? for User
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\integration
Created Tests for User
D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>

5，進入D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain（這個目錄中存放著所有的domain class），打開User.groovy，修改為如下內容：

class ?User?{?
????String?name
????String?password
????
????String?toString()?{
???????? " $name?:?$password " ????
????}
????
???? static ?constraints? = ?{
????????name(blank:? false )????
????????password(blank:? false ,?size:? 6 .. 16 )
????}
}????

contraints這個類變量是定義一些約束的，比如name不能為空白，password不能為空白而且長度在6到16之間（包括6和16）

6，在“命令行”中輸入“grails generate-all User”，為User產生所有CRUD操作需要的代碼（如控制器UserController.groovy）和頁面（如list.gsp），輸出結果如下所示：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails generate-all User

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\GenerateAll.groovy
??? [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\lib
??? [mkdir] Created dir: C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
? [groovyc] Compiling 7 source files to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
??? [mkdir] Created dir: C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\resources\grails-app\i18n
[native2ascii] Converting 10 files from D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\i18n to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\re
sources\grails-app\i18n
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\resources
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo
[0] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Refreshing org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@2b2057: display name [org
.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@2b2057]; startup date [Tue Feb 05 23:26:45 CST 2008]; root of context hierarch
y
[16] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Bean factory for application context [org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationConte
xt@2b2057]: org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@eebf17
Generating views for domain class User ...
Generating controller for domain class User ...
Finished generation for domain class User
D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>

7，修改demo\grails-app\controllers\UserController.groovy的內容為：

????????????
class?UserController?{

????def?loginService?//?新增的代碼
????
????def?index?=?{?redirect(action:list,params:params)?}

????//?the?delete,?save?and?update?actions?only?accept?POST?requests
????def?allowedMethods?=?[delete:'POST',?save:'POST',?update:'POST']

????def?list?=?{
????????if(!params.max)?params.max?=?10
????????[?userList:?User.list(?params?)?]
????}

????def?show?=?{
????????def?user?=?User.get(?params.id?)

????????if(!user)?{
????????????flash.message?=?"User?not?found?with?id?${params.id}"
????????????redirect(action:list)
????????}
????????else?{?return?[?user?:?user?]?}
????}

????def?delete?=?{
????????def?user?=?User.get(?params.id?)
????????if(user)?{
????????????user.delete()
????????????flash.message?=?"User?${params.id}?deleted"
????????????redirect(action:list)
????????}
????????else?{
????????????flash.message?=?"User?not?found?with?id?${params.id}"
????????????redirect(action:list)
????????}
????}

????def?edit?=?{
????????def?user?=?User.get(?params.id?)

????????if(!user)?{
????????????flash.message?=?"User?not?found?with?id?${params.id}"
????????????redirect(action:list)
????????}
????????else?{
????????????return?[?user?:?user?]
????????}
????}

????def?update?=?{
????????def?user?=?User.get(?params.id?)
????????if(user)?{
????????????user.properties?=?params
????????????if(!user.hasErrors()?&&?user.save())?{
????????????????flash.message?=?"User?${params.id}?updated"
????????????????redirect(action:show,id:user.id)
????????????}
????????????else?{
????????????????render(view:'edit',model:[user:user])
????????????}
????????}
????????else?{
????????????flash.message?=?"User?not?found?with?id?${params.id}"
????????????redirect(action:edit,id:params.id)
????????}
????}

????def?create?=?{
????????def?user?=?new?User()
????????user.properties?=?params
????????return?['user':user]
????}

????def?save?=?{
????????def?user?=?new?User(params)
????????if(!user.hasErrors()?&&?user.save())?{
????????????flash.message?=?"User?${user.id}?created"
????????????redirect(action:show,id:user.id)
????????}
????????else?{
????????????render(view:'create',model:[user:user])
????????}
????}

????//?新增的代碼
????def?login?=?{
????????if?(request.method?==?'POST')?{
????????????User?u?=?new?User()
????????????u.properties?=?params
????
????????????if?(!u.validate())?{
????????????????render(view:'login',?model:[user:u])
????????????}
????
????????????if?(params.name?&&?params.password)?{
????
????????????????def?user?=?loginService.check(u)
????????????????
????????????????if?(user)?{
??????????????????? flash.message?=?"Welcome?${user.name}"?
??????????????????? render(view:?"ok",?model:?[user:?user])
????????????????}?else?{
??????????????????? flash.error?=?"Invalid?${u.name}?with?${u.password}"
??????????????????? render(view:?"login",?model:?[user:?u])
????????????????}????
????????????}?else?{
????????????????render(view:?"login",?model:?[user:?u])
????????????}
????????}
????}
}

大家或許也看到了LoginService這個類，我將在后面演示創建它，這個LoginService類封裝了所有登陸相關的業務邏輯，Grails會自動將其注入到UserController中

8，在“命令行”中，輸入“grails create-service Login”，創建LoginService.groovy，輸出：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails create-service Login

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\CreateService.groovy
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\services
Created Service for Login
???? [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\integration
Created ServiceTests for Login
D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>

9，修改demo\grails-app\services\LoginService.groovy的內容為：

class?LoginService?{

????boolean?transactional?=?true

????def?check(User?u)?{
????????def?user?=?User.findWhere(name:?u.name,?password:?u.password)
????????return?user
????}

}

10，在demo\grails-app\views\user目錄下創建login.gsp和ok.gsp，它們對應MVC中的View，內容分別為：
login.gsp （復制demo\grails-app\views\user\create.gsp的內容到login.gsp中，并修改）:

<html>
????<head>
????????<meta?http-equiv="Content-Type"?content="text/html;?charset=UTF-8"/>
????????<meta?name="layout"?content="main"?/>
????????
????????<title>Login</title>?????????
????</head>
????<body>
????????<div?class="nav">
????????????<span?class="menuButton"><a?class="home"?href="${createLinkTo(dir:'')}">Home</a></span>
????????????<span?class="menuButton"><g:link?class="list"?action="list">User?List</g:link></span>
????????</div>
????????<div?class="body">
????????????
????????????<h1>Login</h1>
????????????
????????????<g:if?test="${flash.error}">
????????????
????????????<div?class="errors">${flash.error}</div>
????????????</g:if>
????????????<g:hasErrors?bean="${user}">
????????????<div?class="errors">
????????????????<g:renderErrors?bean="${user}"?as="list"?/>
????????????</div>
????????????</g:hasErrors>
????????????
????????????
????????????<g:form?action="login"?method="post"?>
????????????????<div?class="dialog">
????????????????????<table>
????????????????????????<tbody>
????????????????????????
????????????????????????????<tr?class="prop">
????????????????????????????????<td?valign="top"?class="name">
????????????????????????????????????<label?for="name">Name:</label>
????????????????????????????????</td>
????????????????????????????????<td?valign="top"?class="value?${hasErrors(bean:user,field:'name','errors')}">
????????????????????????????????????<input?type="text"?id="name"?name="name"?value="${fieldValue(bean:user,field:'name')}"/>
????????????????????????????????</td>
????????????????????????????</tr>?
????????????????????????
????????????????????????????<tr?class="prop">
????????????????????????????????<td?valign="top"?class="name">
????????????????????????????????????<label?for="password">Password:</label>
????????????????????????????????</td>
????????????????????????????????<td?valign="top"?class="value?${hasErrors(bean:user,field:'password','errors')}">
????????????????????????????????????<input?type="text"?maxlength="16"?id="password"?name="password"?value="${fieldValue(bean:user,field:'password')}"/>
????????????????????????????????</td>
????????????????????????????</tr>?
????????????????????????
????????????????????????</tbody>
????????????????????</table>
????????????????</div>
????????????????<div?class="buttons">
????????????????????
????????????????????<span?class="button"><input?class="save"?type="submit"?value="Login"?/></span>
????????????????</div>
????????????</g:form>
????????</div>
????</body>
</html>

ok.gsp:

<g:if?test="${flash.message}">
????<div?class="message">${flash.message}</div>
</g:if>

Name:?${user?.name}???<br>
Password:?${user?.password}

11，修改demo\grails-app\conf\BootStrap.groovy，初始化數據庫：將一個User實例保存到數據庫(grails自帶hsqldb和jetty)中，內容如下：

class?BootStrap?{

?????def?init?=?{?servletContext?->
???????? new?User(name:?"demo",?password:?"123456").save()
?????}

?????def?destroy?=?{
?????}
}?

12，在“命令行”中，輸入“grails run-app”，運行我們的Web應用，輸出如下：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails run-app

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\RunApp.groovy
? [groovyc] Compiling 4 source files to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
Running Grails application..
2008-02-05 23:46:08.912::INFO:? Logging to STDERR via org.mortbay.log.StdErrLog
2008-02-05 23:46:08.066::INFO:? jetty-6.1.4
2008-02-05 23:46:08.347::INFO:? No Transaction manager found - if your webapp requires one, please configure one.
2008-02-05 23:46:09.081:/demo:INFO:? Set web app root system property: 'demo' = [D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\]
2008-02-05 23:46:09.081:/demo:INFO:? Initializing Log4J from [file:C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel/.grails/1.0/projects/demo/resources/log4j.pro
perties]
2008-02-05 23:46:09.113:/demo:INFO:? Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext
[0] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Refreshing org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@5facbd: display name [org
.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@5facbd]; startup date [Tue Feb 05 23:46:14 CST 2008]; parent: org.springframew
ork.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext@1fef80a
[0] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Bean factory for application context [org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContex
t@5facbd]: org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@aa4c7c
2008-02-05 23:46:21.590:/demo:INFO:? Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet 'grails'
2008-02-05 23:46:21.871::INFO:? Started SelectChannelConnector@0.0.0.0:8080
Server running. Browse to http://localhost:8080/demo

?
13，打開瀏覽器，輸入：http://localhost:8080/demo/user/login?，在Name處輸入demo，Password處輸入123456，點擊‘Login’，跳轉到成功頁面：

Welcome demo

Name: demo
Password: 123456

如果您對Grails的工程目錄不太熟悉，我這里為大家提供了一張表，詳細地描述了各目錄的用途：

《Grails權威指南》表3-1.Grails工程目錄

目錄名稱	相關描述
grails-app	此目錄包含了Grails應用程序的核心工件(core artifact)
+ conf	此目錄包含了諸如DevelopmentDataSource.groovy的配置文件
+ controllers	此目錄包含了處理請求(request)的控制器(controller)，Grails控制器將在第7章中進行講解
+ domain	此目錄包含了領域模型(domain model)，領域模型將在第4章進行講解
+ i18n	此目錄包含了用于國際化的消息束(message bundle)（譯者注：指的是properties文件，如messages.properties）
+ services	此目錄包含了封裝業務邏輯的service文件，service將在第10章中進行講解
+ taglib	此目錄包含了輔助頁面生成的動態標簽庫，動態標簽將在第8章中進行講解
+ views	此目錄包含了Groovy服務器頁面(GSP)以及JSP頁面
+ layouts	此目錄包含了GSP或JSP的布局(layout)，這些布局由SiteMesh提供支持，這將在第8章中進行講解
grails-test	此目錄包含了應用程序的單元測試
hibernate	此目錄包含了可選的Hibernate配置文件，這將在第11章中進行講解
lib	此目錄包含了jar文件
spring	此目錄包含了可選的Spring配置文件，這將在第11章中進行講解
src	此目錄包含了其他Groovy和Java資源
+ java	此目錄包含了待編譯的Java源文件
+ groovy	此目錄包含了待編譯的Groovy源文件
web-app	此目錄包含了Web應用程序的資源（CSS，JavaScript等）

注：Grails1.0已將hibernate和spring兩個目錄移到grails-app\conf目錄下了，
而grails-test目錄也更名為test，test目錄下有integration目錄和unit目錄，分別存放集成測試代碼和單元測試代碼

想象一下用您平時做項目時所用的框架組合（比如SSH）來創建同樣的Web應用程序，您立刻會感受，Grails讓我們專注于業務邏輯，而不用浪費時間在那些scaffolding code(如配置文件)上。從今天開始，您不用再羨慕那些Ruby程序員所用的RoR了，您大可以使用Grails來高效開發Web應用。

您也可以訪問Grails官方網站（http://www.grails.org）進一步學習。

附：朝花夕拾——Groovy & Grails

posted on 2007-03-21 00:49 山風小子閱讀(19542) 評論(31) 編輯收藏所屬分類: Groovy & Grails

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