/*============================================================================
*Author: MartriWang@gmail.com
*Date: 09/05/2007
*Description:ORACLE Summary
*==========================================================================*/
匯總：
set autotrace on
set autotrace traceonly explain
set timing on
或通過(guò)SQL*PLUS trace，然后查看user_dump_dest下的跟蹤文件，使用tkprof工具格式化后閱覽。
alter session set events '10046 trace name context forever,level 12';
alter session set events '10046 trace name context off';
SELECT p.spid,s.username FROM v$session s,v$process p WHERE s.audsid=USERENV('sessionid') AND s.paddr = p.addr;
使用方法示例：
DBserver% sqlplus perf/perf
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.6.0 - Production on Mon Oct 17 14:32:29 2005
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.6.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
JServer Release 9.2.0.6.0 - Production
SQL> set timing on
SQL> set autotrace on
SQL> select count(*) from perf_sdcch_nn where start_time = (select max(start_time) from perf_sdcch_nn);
COUNT(*)
----------
638
Elapsed: 00:00:00.80
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=1 Card=1 Bytes=8)
1 0 SORT (AGGREGATE)
2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'IDX02_PERF_SDCCH_NN' (NON-UNIQUE)
(Cost=2 Card=1495 Bytes=11960)
3 2 SORT (AGGREGATE)
4 3 INDEX (FULL SCAN (MIN/MAX)) OF 'IDX02_PERF_SDCCH_NN'
(NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=3852090 Bytes=30816720)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
15 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
492 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
656 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
SQL>
從上面的示例我們可以看到，該SQL語(yǔ)句執(zhí)行花了0.8秒，select語(yǔ)句和inline view，都使用了名為'IDX02_PERF_SDCCH_NN'的索引
物理讀為0，redo log size為0，沒(méi)有生成REDO日志。
一、ORACLE的啟動(dòng)和關(guān)閉
1、在單機(jī)環(huán)境下
要想啟動(dòng)或關(guān)閉ORACLE系統(tǒng)必須首先切換到ORACLE用戶，如下
su - oracle
a、啟動(dòng)ORACLE系統(tǒng)
oracle>svrmgrl
SVRMGR>connect internal
SVRMGR>startup
SVRMGR>quit
b、關(guān)閉ORACLE系統(tǒng)
oracle>svrmgrl
SVRMGR>connect internal
SVRMGR>shutdown
SVRMGR>quit
啟動(dòng)oracle9i數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)命令：
$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup^C
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
--MartriWang@gmail.com 10/05/2007--
create pfile='/u01/oracle/dbs/init.ora'
from spfile='u01/oracle/dbs/Spfile.ora';
create Spfile='Spfile_name'
FROM PFILE='pfile_name';
orapwd file=<filename> password=<password> entries=<max_users>
2、在雙機(jī)環(huán)境下
要想啟動(dòng)或關(guān)閉ORACLE系統(tǒng)必須首先切換到root用戶，如下
su － root
a、啟動(dòng)ORACLE系統(tǒng)
hareg －y oracle
b、關(guān)閉ORACLE系統(tǒng)
hareg －n oracle
--MartriWang@gmail.com 22/05/2007--
--查找、刪除重復(fù)記錄:
法一: 用Group by語(yǔ)句 此查找很快的
select count(num), max(name) from student --查找表中num列重復(fù)的，列出重復(fù)的記錄數(shù)，并列出他的name屬性
group by num
having count(num) >;1 --按num分組后找出表中num列重復(fù)，即出現(xiàn)次數(shù)大于一次
delete from student(上面Select的)
這樣的話就把所有重復(fù)的都刪除了。-----慎重
法二:當(dāng)表比較大(例如10萬(wàn)條以上)時(shí),這個(gè)方法的效率之差令人無(wú)法忍受,需要另想辦法:
---- 執(zhí)行下面SQL語(yǔ)句后就可以顯示所有DRAWING和DSNO相同且重復(fù)的記錄
SELECT * FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB
WHERE ROWID!=(SELECT MAX(ROWID) FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB D --D相當(dāng)于First,Second
WHERE EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DRAWING=D.DRAWING AND
EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DSNO=D.DSNO);
---- 執(zhí)行下面SQL語(yǔ)句后就可以刪除所有DRAWING和DSNO相同且重復(fù)的記錄
DELETE FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB
WHERE ROWID!=(SELECT MAX(ROWID) FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB D
WHERE EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DRAWING=D.DRAWING AND
EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DSNO=D.DSNO);
Oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有哪幾種啟動(dòng)方式
說(shuō)明：
有以下幾種啟動(dòng)方式：
1、startup nomount
非安裝啟動(dòng)，這種方式啟動(dòng)下可執(zhí)行：
重建控制文件、重建數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
讀取init.ora文件，啟動(dòng)instance，即啟動(dòng)SGA和后臺(tái)進(jìn)程，這種啟動(dòng)只需要init.ora文件。
2、startup mount dbname
安裝啟動(dòng)，這種方式啟動(dòng)下可執(zhí)行：
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)日志歸檔、
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)介質(zhì)恢復(fù)、
使數(shù)據(jù)文件聯(lián)機(jī)或脫機(jī)，
重新定位數(shù)據(jù)文件、重做日志文件。
執(zhí)行“nomount”，然后打開(kāi)控制文件，確認(rèn)數(shù)據(jù)文件和聯(lián)機(jī)日志文件的位置，
但此時(shí)不對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)文件和日志文件進(jìn)行校驗(yàn)檢查。
3、startup open dbname
先執(zhí)行“nomount”，然后執(zhí)行“mount”，再打開(kāi)包括Redo log文件在內(nèi)的所有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)文件，
這種方式下可訪問(wèn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)。
4、startup，等于以下三個(gè)命令
startup nomount
alter database mount
alter database open
5、startup restrict
約束方式啟動(dòng)
這種方式能夠啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，但只允許具有一定特權(quán)的用戶訪問(wèn)
非特權(quán)用戶訪問(wèn)時(shí)，會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下提示：
ERROR：
ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允許具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 權(quán)限的用戶使用
6、startup force
強(qiáng)制啟動(dòng)方式
當(dāng)不能關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)時(shí)，可以用startup force來(lái)完成數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的關(guān)閉
先關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，再執(zhí)行正常啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)命令
7、startup pfile=參數(shù)文件名
帶初始化參數(shù)文件的啟動(dòng)方式
先讀取參數(shù)文件，再按參數(shù)文件中的設(shè)置啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
例：startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora
8、startup EXCLUSIVE
--
二、用戶如何有效地利用數(shù)據(jù)字典
ORACLE的數(shù)據(jù)字典是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的重要組成部分之一，它隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生, 隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的變化而變化,
體現(xiàn)為sys用戶下的一些表和視圖。數(shù)據(jù)字典名稱是大寫的英文字符。
數(shù)據(jù)字典里存有用戶信息、用戶的權(quán)限信息、所有數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象信息、表的約束條件、統(tǒng)計(jì)分析數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的視圖等。
我們不能手工修改數(shù)據(jù)字典里的信息。
很多時(shí)候，一般的ORACLE用戶不知道如何有效地利用它。
dictionary 全部數(shù)據(jù)字典表的名稱和解釋，它有一個(gè)同義詞dict
dict_column 全部數(shù)據(jù)字典表里字段名稱和解釋
如果我們想查詢跟索引有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)字典時(shí)，可以用下面這條SQL語(yǔ)句:
SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0;
如果我們想知道user_indexes表各字段名稱的詳細(xì)含義，可以用下面這條SQL語(yǔ)句:
SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES';
依此類推，就可以輕松知道數(shù)據(jù)字典的詳細(xì)名稱和解釋，不用查看ORACLE的其它文檔資料了。
下面按類別列出一些ORACLE用戶常用數(shù)據(jù)字典的查詢使用方法。
1、用戶
查看當(dāng)前用戶的缺省表空間
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
查看當(dāng)前用戶的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
查看當(dāng)前用戶的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限和表級(jí)權(quán)限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
2、表
查看用戶下所有的表
SQL>select * from user_tables;
查看名稱包含log字符的表
SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
查看某表的創(chuàng)建時(shí)間
SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
查看某表的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
查看放在ORACLE的內(nèi)存區(qū)里的表
SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;
3、索引
查看索引個(gè)數(shù)和類別
SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name;
查看索引被索引的字段
SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name');
查看索引的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&index_name');
4、序列號(hào)
查看序列號(hào)，last_number是當(dāng)前值
SQL>select * from user_sequences;
5、視圖
查看視圖的名稱
SQL>select view_name from user_views;
查看創(chuàng)建視圖的select語(yǔ)句
SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views;
SQL>set long 2000; 說(shuō)明：可以根據(jù)視圖的text_length值設(shè)定set long 的大小
SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name');
6、同義詞
查看同義詞的名稱
SQL>select * from user_synonyms;
7、約束條件
查看某表的約束條件
SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name
from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name');
SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name
from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc
where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name')
and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name
order by cc.position;
8、存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)和過(guò)程
查看函數(shù)和過(guò)程的狀態(tài)
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION';
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE';
查看函數(shù)和過(guò)程的源代碼
SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name');
三、查看數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的SQL
1、查看表空間的名稱及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;
2、查看表空間物理文件的名稱及大小
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;
3、查看回滾段名稱及大小
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name ;
4、查看控制文件
select name from v$controlfile;
5、查看日志文件
select member from v$logfile;
6、查看表空間的使用情況
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7、查看數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)庫(kù)對(duì)象
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
8、查看數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的版本
Select version FROM Product_component_version
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9、查看數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的創(chuàng)建日期和歸檔方式
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
四、ORACLE用戶連接的管理
用系統(tǒng)管理員，查看當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有幾個(gè)用戶連接：
SQL> select username,sid,serial# from v$session;
如果要停某個(gè)連接用
SQL> alter system kill session 'sid,serial#';
如果這命令不行,找它UNIX的進(jìn)程數(shù)
SQL> select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=21 and ses.paddr=pro.addr;
說(shuō)明：21是某個(gè)連接的sid數(shù)
然后用 kill 命令殺此進(jìn)程號(hào)。
五、SQL*PLUS使用
a、近入SQL*Plus
$sqlplus 用戶名/密碼
退出SQL*Plus
SQL>exit
b、在sqlplus下得到幫助信息
列出全部SQL命令和SQL*Plus命令
SQL>help
列出某個(gè)特定的命令的信息
SQL>help 命令名
c、顯示表結(jié)構(gòu)命令DESCRIBE
SQL>DESC 表名
d、SQL*Plus中的編輯命令
顯示SQL緩沖區(qū)命令
SQL>L
修改SQL命令
首先要將待改正行變?yōu)楫?dāng)前行
SQL>n
用CHANGE命令修改內(nèi)容
SQL>c/舊/新
重新確認(rèn)是否已正確
SQL>L
使用INPUT命令可以在SQL緩沖區(qū)中增加一行或多行
SQL>i
SQL>輸入內(nèi)容
e、調(diào)用外部系統(tǒng)編輯器
SQL>edit 文件名
可以使用DEFINE命令設(shè)置系統(tǒng)變量EDITOR來(lái)改變文本編輯器的類型，在login.sql文件中定義如下一行
DEFINE_EDITOR=vi
f、運(yùn)行命令文件
SQL>START test
SQL>@test
常用SQL*Plus語(yǔ)句
a、表的創(chuàng)建、修改、刪除
創(chuàng)建表的命令格式如下：
create table 表名 （列說(shuō)明列表）；
為基表增加新列命令如下：
ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD （列說(shuō)明列表）
例：為test表增加一列Age，用來(lái)存放年齡
sql>alter table test
add （Age number(3)）；
修改基表列定義命令如下：
ALTER TABLE 表名
MODIFY （列名 數(shù)據(jù)類型）
例：將test表中的Count列寬度加長(zhǎng)為10個(gè)字符
sql>alter atble test
modify （County char(10)）；
b、將一張表刪除語(yǔ)句的格式如下：
DORP TABLE 表名；
例：表刪除將同時(shí)刪除表的數(shù)據(jù)和表的定義
sql>drop table test
c、表空間的創(chuàng)建、刪除
--MartriWang@gmail.com 15/06/2007--
d. 刪除表列
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN 字段名 --del 表中字段
1: create table t2 as select <specific columns> from t1; --以第一個(gè)表中的某列建立第二個(gè)新表
2: drop table t1; --刪除表1
3: rename t2 to t1; --把表2改名為表1
Oracle 8i及以上版本中，可以使用以下語(yǔ)句
alter table 表1 drop column 列1;
六、ORACLE邏輯備份的SH文件
完全備份的SH文件：exp_comp.sh
rq=` date +"%m%d" `
su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=complete file=/oracle/export/db_comp$rq.dmp"
累計(jì)備份的SH文件：exp_cumu.sh
rq=` date +"%m%d" `
su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=cumulative file=/oracle/export/db_cumu$rq.dmp"
增量備份的SH文件: exp_incr.sh
rq=` date +"%m%d" `
su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=incremental file=/oracle/export/db_incr$rq.dmp"
root用戶crontab文件
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root增加以下內(nèi)容
0 2 1 * * /oracle/exp_comp.sh
30 2 * * 0-5 /oracle/exp_incr.sh
45 2 * * 6 /oracle/exp_cumu.sh
當(dāng)然這個(gè)時(shí)間表可以根據(jù)不同的需求來(lái)改變的，這只是一個(gè)例子。
七、ORACLE 常用的SQL語(yǔ)法和數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象
一.數(shù)據(jù)控制語(yǔ)句 (DML) 部分
1.INSERT (往數(shù)據(jù)表里插入記錄的語(yǔ)句)
INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) VALUES ( 值1, 值2, ……);
INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) SELECT (字段名1, 字段名2, ……) FROM 另外的表名;
字符串類型的字段值必須用單引號(hào)括起來(lái), 例如: ’GOOD DAY’
如果字段值里包含單引號(hào)’ 需要進(jìn)行字符串轉(zhuǎn)換, 我們把它替換成兩個(gè)單引號(hào)''.
字符串類型的字段值超過(guò)定義的長(zhǎng)度會(huì)出錯(cuò), 最好在插入前進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)度校驗(yàn).
日期字段的字段值可以用當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的系統(tǒng)時(shí)間SYSDATE, 精確到秒
或者用字符串轉(zhuǎn)換成日期型函數(shù)TO_DATE(‘2001-08-01’,’YYYY-MM-DD’)
TO_DATE()還有很多種日期格式, 可以參看ORACLE DOC.
年-月-日 小時(shí):分鐘:秒 的格式Y(jié)YYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS
INSERT時(shí)最大可操作的字符串長(zhǎng)度小于等于4000個(gè)單字節(jié), 如果要插入更長(zhǎng)的字符串, 請(qǐng)考慮字段用CLOB類型,
方法借用ORACLE里自帶的DBMS_LOB程序包.
INSERT時(shí)如果要用到從1開(kāi)始自動(dòng)增長(zhǎng)的序列號(hào), 應(yīng)該先建立一個(gè)序列號(hào)
CREATE SEQUENCE 序列號(hào)的名稱 (最好是表名+序列號(hào)標(biāo)記) INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1
MAXVALUE 99999 CYCLE NOCACHE;
其中最大的值按字段的長(zhǎng)度來(lái)定, 如果定義的自動(dòng)增長(zhǎng)的序列號(hào) NUMBER(6) , 最大值為999999
INSERT 語(yǔ)句插入這個(gè)字段值為: 序列號(hào)的名稱.NEXTVAL
2.DELETE (刪除數(shù)據(jù)表里記錄的語(yǔ)句)
DELETE FROM表名 WHERE 條件;
注意：刪除記錄并不能釋放ORACLE里被占用的數(shù)據(jù)塊表空間. 它只把那些被刪除的數(shù)據(jù)塊標(biāo)成unused.
如果確實(shí)要?jiǎng)h除一個(gè)大表里的全部記錄, 可以用 TRUNCATE 命令, 它可以釋放占用的數(shù)據(jù)塊表空間
TRUNCATE TABLE 表名;
此操作不可回退.
3.UPDATE (修改數(shù)據(jù)表里記錄的語(yǔ)句)
UPDATE表名 SET 字段名1=值1, 字段名2=值2, …… WHERE 條件;
如果修改的值N沒(méi)有賦值或定義時(shí), 將把原來(lái)的記錄內(nèi)容清為NULL, 最好在修改前進(jìn)行非空校驗(yàn);
值N超過(guò)定義的長(zhǎng)度會(huì)出錯(cuò), 最好在插入前進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)度校驗(yàn)..
注意事項(xiàng):
A. 以上SQL語(yǔ)句對(duì)表都加上了行級(jí)鎖,
確認(rèn)完成后, 必須加上事物處理結(jié)束的命令 COMMIT 才能正式生效,
否則改變不一定寫入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里.
如果想撤回這些操作, 可以用命令 ROLLBACK 復(fù)原.
B. 在運(yùn)行INSERT, DELETE 和 UPDATE 語(yǔ)句前最好估算一下可能操作的記錄范圍,
應(yīng)該把它限定在較小 (一萬(wàn)條記錄) 范圍內(nèi),. 否則ORACLE處理這個(gè)事物用到很大的回退段.
程序響應(yīng)慢甚至失去響應(yīng). 如果記錄數(shù)上十萬(wàn)以上這些操作, 可以把這些SQL語(yǔ)句分段分次完成,
其間加上COMMIT 確認(rèn)事物處理.
二.數(shù)據(jù)定義 (DDL) 部分
1.CREATE (創(chuàng)建表, 索引, 視圖, 同義詞, 過(guò)程, 函數(shù), 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鏈接等)
ORACLE常用的字段類型有
CHAR 固定長(zhǎng)度的字符串
VARCHAR2 可變長(zhǎng)度的字符串
NUMBER(M,N) 數(shù)字型M是位數(shù)總長(zhǎng)度, N是小數(shù)的長(zhǎng)度
DATE 日期類型
創(chuàng)建表時(shí)要把較小的不為空的字段放在前面, 可能為空的字段放在后面
創(chuàng)建表時(shí)可以用中文的字段名, 但最好還是用英文的字段名
創(chuàng)建表時(shí)可以給字段加上默認(rèn)值, 例如 DEFAULT SYSDATE
這樣每次插入和修改時(shí), 不用程序操作這個(gè)字段都能得到動(dòng)作的時(shí)間
創(chuàng)建表時(shí)可以給字段加上約束條件
例如 不允許重復(fù) UNIQUE, 關(guān)鍵字 PRIMARY KEY
2.ALTER (改變表, 索引, 視圖等)
改變表的名稱
ALTER TABLE 表名1 TO 表名2;
在表的后面增加一個(gè)字段
ALTER TABLE表名 ADD 字段名 字段名描述;
修改表里字段的定義描述
ALTER TABLE表名 MODIFY字段名 字段名描述;
給表里的字段加上約束條件
ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 約束名 PRIMARY KEY (字段名);
ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 約束名 UNIQUE (字段名);
把表放在或取出數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的內(nèi)存區(qū)
ALTER TABLE 表名 CACHE;
ALTER TABLE 表名 NOCACHE;
3.DROP (刪除表, 索引, 視圖, 同義詞, 過(guò)程, 函數(shù), 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鏈接等)
刪除表和它所有的約束條件
DROP TABLE 表名 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
4.TRUNCATE (清空表里的所有記錄, 保留表的結(jié)構(gòu))
TRUNCATE 表名;
三.查詢語(yǔ)句 (SELECT) 部分
SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 條件;
字段名可以帶入函數(shù)
例如: COUNT(*), MIN(字段名), MAX(字段名), AVG(字段名), DISTINCT(字段名),
TO_CHAR(DATE字段名,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')
NVL(EXPR1, EXPR2)函數(shù)
解釋:
IF EXPR1=NULL
RETURN EXPR2
ELSE
RETURN EXPR1
DECODE(AA﹐V1﹐R1﹐V2﹐R2....)函數(shù)
解釋:
IF AA=V1 THEN RETURN R1
IF AA=V2 THEN RETURN R2
..…
ELSE
RETURN NULL
LPAD(char1,n,char2)函數(shù)
解釋:
字符char1按制定的位數(shù)n顯示，不足的位數(shù)用char2字符串替換左邊的空位
字段名之間可以進(jìn)行算術(shù)運(yùn)算
例如: (字段名1*字段名1)/3
查詢語(yǔ)句可以嵌套
例如: SELECT …… FROM
(SELECT …… FROM表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 條件) WHERE 條件2;
兩個(gè)查詢語(yǔ)句的結(jié)果可以做集合操作
例如: 并集UNION(去掉重復(fù)記錄), 并集UNION ALL(不去掉重復(fù)記錄), 差集MINUS, 交集INTERSECT
分組查詢
SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] GROUP BY字段名1
[HAVING 條件] ;
兩個(gè)以上表之間的連接查詢
SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE
表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名 [ AND ……] ;
SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE
表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名(+) [ AND ……] ;
有(+)號(hào)的字段位置自動(dòng)補(bǔ)空值
查詢結(jié)果集的排序操作, 默認(rèn)的排序是升序ASC, 降序是DESC
SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……]
ORDER BY字段名1, 字段名2 DESC;
字符串模糊比較的方法
INSTR(字段名, ‘字符串’)>0
字段名 LIKE ‘字符串%’ [‘%字符串%’]
每個(gè)表都有一個(gè)隱含的字段ROWID, 它標(biāo)記著記錄的唯一性.
四.ORACLE里常用的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象 (SCHEMA)
1.索引 (INDEX)
CREATE INDEX 索引名ON 表名 ( 字段1, [字段2, ……] );
ALTER INDEX 索引名 REBUILD;
一個(gè)表的索引最好不要超過(guò)三個(gè) (特殊的大表除外), 最好用單字段索引, 結(jié)合SQL語(yǔ)句的分析執(zhí)行情況,
也可以建立多字段的組合索引和基于函數(shù)的索引
ORACLE8.1.7字符串可以索引的最大長(zhǎng)度為1578 單字節(jié)
ORACLE8.0.6字符串可以索引的最大長(zhǎng)度為758 單字節(jié)
--MartriWang@gmail.com 10/05/2007--
（1）*Tree索引。
Create index indexname on tablename(columnname[columnname...])
（2）反向索引。
Create index indexname on tablename(columnname[columnname...]) reverse
（3）降序索引。
Create index indexname on tablename(columnname DESC[columnname...])
（4）位圖索引。
Create BITMAP index indexname on tablename(columnname[columnname...])
（5）函數(shù)索引。
Create index indexname on tablename(functionname(columnname))
注意：創(chuàng)建索引后分析要索引才能起作用。
analyze index indexname compute statistics;
2.視圖 (VIEW)
CREATE VIEW 視圖名AS SELECT …. FROM …..;
ALTER VIEW視圖名 COMPILE;
視圖僅是一個(gè)SQL查詢語(yǔ)句, 它可以把表之間復(fù)雜的關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)潔化.
3.同義詞 (SYNONMY)
CREATE SYNONYM同義詞名FOR 表名;
CREATE SYNONYM同義詞名FOR 表名@數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鏈接名;
4.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鏈接 (DATABASE LINK)
CREATE DATABASE LINK數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鏈接名CONNECT TO 用戶名 IDENTIFIED BY 密碼 USING ‘數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接字符串’;
--MartriWang@gmail.com 10/05/2007--
create database mynewdb
user sys IDENTIFIED BY sys_id
user system IDENTIFIED BY system_id
LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/redo01.log') SIZE 100M,
GROUP 2 ('/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/redo02.log') SIZE 100M,
GROUP 3 ('/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/redo03.log') SIZE 100M
MAXLOGFILES 5
MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
MAXLOGHISTORY 1
MAXINSTANCES 100
MAXINSTANCES 1
CHARACTER SET US7ASCII
NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
DATAFILE '/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
SYSAUT DATAFILE '/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
DEFAULT TABLESPACE tbs_1
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1
TEMPFILE '/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/temp01.dbf' SIZE 20M REUSE
UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs
DATAFILE '/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/undotbs01.dbf'
SIZE 20M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
--MartriWang@gmail.com 10/05/2007--
emctl start dbconsole
emctl stop dbconsole
--http://servername:port/em
--path:$ORACLE_HOME/install/portlist.ini
isqlplusctl start
isqlplusctl stop
--http://servername:port/isqlplus
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接字符串可以用NET8 EASY CONFIG或者直接修改TNSNAMES.ORA里定義.
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)參數(shù)global_name=true時(shí)要求數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鏈接名稱跟遠(yuǎn)端數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)名稱一樣
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)全局名稱可以用以下命令查出
SELECT * FROM GLOBAL_NAME;
查詢遠(yuǎn)端數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里的表
SELECT …… FROM 表名@數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鏈接名;
五.權(quán)限管理 (DCL) 語(yǔ)句
1.GRANT 賦于權(quán)限
常用的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限集合有以下三個(gè):
CONNECT(基本的連接), RESOURCE(程序開(kāi)發(fā)), DBA(數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理)
常用的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象權(quán)限有以下五個(gè):
ALL ON 數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象名, SELECT ON 數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象名, UPDATE ON 數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象名,
DELETE ON 數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象名, INSERT ON 數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象名, ALTER ON 數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象名
GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO 用戶名;
GRANT SELECT ON 表名 TO 用戶名;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 TO 用戶名1, 用戶名2;
2.REVOKE 回收權(quán)限
REVOKE CONNECT, RESOURCE FROM 用戶名;
REVOKE SELECT ON 表名 FROM 用戶名;
REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 FROM 用戶名1, 用戶名2;
查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中第63號(hào)錯(cuò)誤：
select orgaddr,destaddr from sm_histable0116 where error_code='63';
查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中開(kāi)戶用戶最大提交和最大下發(fā)數(shù)： select MSISDN,TCOS,OCOS from ms_usertable；
查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中各種錯(cuò)誤代碼的總和：
select error_code,count(*) from sm_histable0513 group by error_code order
by error_code;
查詢報(bào)表數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中話單統(tǒng)計(jì)種類查詢。
select sum(Successcount) from tbl_MiddleMt0411 where ServiceType2=111
select sum(successcount),servicetype from tbl_middlemt0411 group by servicetype
原文地址：http://www.cnoug.org/viewthread.php?tid=60293
//創(chuàng)建一個(gè)控制文件命令到跟蹤文件
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
//增加一個(gè)新的日志文件組的語(yǔ)句
connect internal as sysdba
alter database
add logfile group 4
(’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’,
’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M;
alter database
add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’
to group 4;
//在Server Manager上MOUNT并打開(kāi)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount ORA1 exclusive;
alter database open;
//生成數(shù)據(jù)字典
@catalog
@catproc
//在init.ora 中備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的位置
log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’
log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable
log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60"
log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable
//對(duì)用戶的表空間的指定和管理相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句
create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD
default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME;
alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME;
alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM;
alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS;
create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD
default tablespace DATA
temporary tablespace TEMP;
alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP;
//重新指定一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件的大小 :
alter database
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M;
//創(chuàng)建一個(gè)自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展的數(shù)據(jù)文件:
create tablespace DATA
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M
autoextend ON
next 10M
maxsize 250M;
//在表空間上增加一個(gè)自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展的數(shù)據(jù)文件:
alter tablespace DATA
add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’
size 50M
autoextend ON
maxsize 300M;
//修改參數(shù):
alter database
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’
autoextend ON
maxsize 300M;
//在數(shù)據(jù)文件移動(dòng)期間重新命名:
alter database rename file
’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’;
alter tablespace DATA rename datafile
’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’;
alter database rename file
’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’;
alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’
resize 80M;
//創(chuàng)建和使用角色:
create role APPLICATION_USER;
grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER;
grant APPLICATION_USER to username;
//回滾段的管理
create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline;
drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME;
alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online;
//回滾段上指定事務(wù)
commit;
set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH;
insert into TABLE_NAME
select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE;
commit;
//查詢回滾段的 大小和優(yōu)化參數(shù)
select * from DBA_SEGMENTS
where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’;
select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */
S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */
from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S
where N.USN=S.USN;
//回收回滾段
alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M;
alter rollback segment R1 shrink;
//例子
set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME
alter tablespace RBS
default storage
(initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249)
create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS
storage (optimal 2250K);
alter rollback segment R4 online;
select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE;
grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC;
//用戶和角色
create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER
to ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
alter user THUMPER default role NONE;
alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT;
alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
alter profile DEFAULT
limit idle_time 60;
create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5;
create user JANE identified by EYRE
profile LIMITED_PROFILE;
grant CREATE SESSION to JANE;
alter user JANE account unlock;
alter user JANE account lock;
alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30;
alter user jane password expire;
//創(chuàng)建操作系統(tǒng)用戶
REM Creating OPS$ accounts
create user OPS$FARMER
identified by SOME_PASSWORD
default tablespace USERS
temporary tablespace TEMP;
REM Using identified externally
create user OPS$FARMER
identified externally
default tablespace USERS
temporary tablespace TEMP;
//執(zhí)行ORAPWD
ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users
create role APPLICATION_USER;
grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER;
create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR;
grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option;
//設(shè)置角色
set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
set role NONE;
//回收權(quán)利:
revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER;
revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR;
//回收角色:
revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK;
drop user USERNAME cascade;
grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option;
grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option;
revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR;
create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’;
alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’;
//備份與恢復(fù)
使用 export 程序
exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER)
exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y
imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y
--MartriWang@gmail.com 14/05/2007--
1 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)TEST完全導(dǎo)出,用戶名system 密碼manager 導(dǎo)出到D:\daochu.dmp中
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp full=y
2 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中system用戶與sys用戶的表導(dǎo)出
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp owner=(system,sys)
3 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的表table1 、table2導(dǎo)出
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp tables=(table1,table2)
4 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的表table1中的字段filed1以"00"打頭的數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)出
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp tables=(table1) query=\" where filed1 like '00%'\"
--MartriWang@gmail.com 14/05/2007--
1 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)TEST完全導(dǎo)出,用戶名system 密碼manager 導(dǎo)出到D:\daochu.dmp中
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp full=y
2 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中system用戶與sys用戶的表導(dǎo)出
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp owner=(system,sys)
3 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的表table1 、table2導(dǎo)出
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp tables=(table1,table2)
4 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的表table1中的字段filed1以"00"打頭的數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)出
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp tables=(table1) query=\" where filed1 like '00%'\"
//備份表
exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES)
//備份分區(qū)
exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1)
//輸入例子
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y
exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N
indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y
imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower
rows=Y indexes=Y
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000
//使用操作系統(tǒng)備份命令
REM TAR examples
tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora
//離線備份的shell腳本
ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID
ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK
. oraenv
svrmgrl <<EOF1
connect internal as sysdba
shutdown immediate;
exit
EOF1
insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here
svrmgrl <<EOF2
connect internal as sysdba
startup
EOF2
//在Server Manager上設(shè)置為archivelog mode:
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount cc1;
alter database archivelog;
archive log start;
alter database open;
archive log list
alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=/oracle/oradata/szdb/archive';
alter system set log_archive_format='%t_%s.dbf' scope=spfile;
alter system set log_archive_start=true scope=spfile;
//在Server Manager上設(shè)置為archivelog mode:
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount cc1;
alter database noarchivelog;
alter database open;
archive log list
select Name,
Value
from V$PARAMETER
where Name like ’log_archive%’;
//聯(lián)機(jī)備份的腳本
#
# Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database
#
# Set up environment variables:
ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID
ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK
. oraenv
svrmgrl <<EOFarch1
connect internal as sysdba
REM
REM 備份 SYSTEM tablespace
REM
alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup;
!tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf
alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup;
REM
REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a
REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The
REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append
REM to that saveset.
REM
REM 備份 RBS tablespace
REM
alter tablespace RBS begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf
alter tablespace RBS end backup;
REM
REM 備份 DATA tablespace
REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace
REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf.
REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename.
REM
alter tablespace DATA begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf
alter tablespace DATA end backup;
REM
REM 備份 INDEXES tablespace
REM
alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf
alter tablespace INDEXES end backup;
REM
REM 備份 TEMP tablespace
REM
alter tablespace TEMP begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf
alter tablespace TEMP end backup;
REM
REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest
REM of the tablespaces.
REM
REM
REM Step 2. 備份歸檔日志文件.
archive log stop
REM
REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier.
exit
EOFarch1
#
# Record which files are in the destination directory.
# Do this by setting an environment variable that is
# equal to the directory listing for the destination
# directory.
# For this example, the log_archive_dest is
# /db01/oracle/arch/CC1.
#
FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES
#
# Now go back into Server Manager and restart the
# archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2
# in this example).
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape
# device via the "tar" command, then delete them
# from the destination device via the "rm" command.
# You may choose to compress them instead.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES
rm -f $FILES
#
# Step 3. 備份控制文件到磁盤.
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch3
connect internal
alter database backup controlfile to
’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’;
exit
EOFarch3
#
# 備份控制文件到磁帶.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck
#
# End of hot backup script.
//自動(dòng)生成開(kāi)始備份的腳本
set pagesize 0 feedback off
select
’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’
from DBA_TABLESPACES
where Status <> ’INVALID’
spool alter_begin.sql
/
spool off
//自動(dòng)生成備份結(jié)束的腳本
set pagesize 0 feedback off
select
’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’
from DBA_TABLESPACES
where Status <> ’INVALID’
spool alter_end.sql
/
spool off
//備份歸檔日志文件的腳本.
REM See text for alternatives.
# Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep
# additional archived redo log files from being written
# to the destination directory during this process.
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch1
connect internal as sysdba
archive log stop;
REM
REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier.
exit
EOFarch1
#
# Step 2: Record which files are in the destination
# directory.
# Do this by setting an environment variable that is
# equal to the directory listing for the destination
# directory.
# For this example, the log_archive_dest is
# /db01/oracle/arch/CC1.
#
FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES
#
# Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the
# archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2
# in this example).
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal as sysdba
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape
# device via the "tar" command, then delete them
# from the destination device via the "rm" command.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES
#
# Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory.
#
rm -f $FILES
#
# End of archived redo log file backup script.
REM 磁盤到磁盤的備份
REM
REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX)
REM
alter tablespace RBS begin backup;
!cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups
alter tablespace RBS end backup;
REM
REM 移動(dòng)歸檔日志文件的shell腳本
#
# Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal as sysdba
archive log stop;
!mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# end of archived redo log directory move.
//生成創(chuàng)建控制文件命令
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
//時(shí)間點(diǎn)恢復(fù)的例子
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount instance_name;
recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’;
//創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
rman rcvcat rman/rman@<database_service_name>
// 在(UNIX)下創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat;
// 在(NT)下創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT";
//連接描述符范例
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=TCP)
(HOST=HQ)
(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT DATA=
(SID=loc)))
// listener.ora 的條目entry
// listener.ora 的條目entry
LISTENER =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=IPC)
(KEY= loc.world)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = loc)
(ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1)
)
)
// tnsnames.ora 的條目
LOC=
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS =
(PROTOCOL = TCP)
(HOST = HQ)
(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = loc)
(INSTANCE_NAME = loc)
)
)
//連接參數(shù)的設(shè)置（sql*net）
LOC =(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=
(COMMUNITY=TCP.HQ.COMPANY)
(PROTOCOL=TCP)
(HOST=HQ)
(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT DATA=
(SID=loc)))
//參數(shù)文件配置范例
// tnsnames.ora
HQ =(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=TCP)
(HOST=HQ)
(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT DATA=
(SID=loc)))
// listener.ora
LISTENER =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=IPC)
(KEY= loc)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = loc)
(ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1)
)
)
// Oracle8I tnsnames.ora
LOC=
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS =
(PROTOCOL = TCP)
(HOST = HQ)
(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = loc)
(INSTANCE_NAME = loc)
)
)
//使用 COPY 實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)之間的復(fù)制
copy from
remote_username/remote_password@service_name
to
username/password@service_name
[append|create|insert|replace]
TABLE_NAME
using subquery;
REM COPY example
set copycommit 1
set arraysize 1000
copy from HR/PUFFINSTUFF@loc -
create EMPLOYEE -
using -
select * from EMPLOYEE
//監(jiān)視器的管理
lsnrctl start
lsnrctl start my_lsnr
lsnrctl status
lsnrctl status hq
檢查監(jiān)視器的進(jìn)程
ps -ef | grep tnslsnr
//在 lsnrctl 內(nèi)停止監(jiān)視器
set password lsnr_password
stop
//在lsnrctl 內(nèi)列出所有的服務(wù)
set password lsnr_password
services
//啟動(dòng)或停止一個(gè)NT的listener
net start Oracle<version_name>TNSListener
net stop Oracle<version_name>TNSListener
// tnsnames.ora 文件的內(nèi)容
fld1 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)
(HOST = server1.fld.com)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = fld1)
)
)
//操作系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的管理
telnet host_name
ping host_name
/etc/hosts 文件
130.110.238.109 nmhost
130.110.238.101 txhost
130.110.238.102 azhost arizona
//oratab 表項(xiàng)
loc:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:Y
cc1:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:N
old:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.0:Y
//創(chuàng)建一個(gè)控制文件命令到跟蹤文件
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
//增加一個(gè)新的日志文件組的語(yǔ)句
connect internal as sysdba
alter database
add logfile group 4
(’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’,
’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M;
alter database
add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’
to group 4;
//在Server Manager上MOUNT并打開(kāi)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount ORA1 exclusive;
alter database open;
//生成數(shù)據(jù)字典
@catalog
@catproc
//在init.ora 中備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的位置
log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’
log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable
log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60"
log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable
//對(duì)用戶的表空間的指定和管理相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句
create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD
default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME;
alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME;
alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM;
alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS;
create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD
default tablespace DATA
temporary tablespace TEMP;
alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP;
//重新指定一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件的大小 :
alter database
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M;
//創(chuàng)建一個(gè)自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展的數(shù)據(jù)文件:
create tablespace DATA
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M
autoextend ON
next 10M
maxsize 250M;
//在表空間上增加一個(gè)自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展的數(shù)據(jù)文件:
alter tablespace DATA
add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’
size 50M
autoextend ON
maxsize 300M;
//修改參數(shù):
alter database
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’
autoextend ON
maxsize 300M;
//在數(shù)據(jù)文件移動(dòng)期間重新命名:
alter database rename file
’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’;
alter tablespace DATA rename datafile
’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’;
alter database rename file
’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’;
alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’
resize 80M;
//創(chuàng)建和使用角色:
create role APPLICATION_USER;
grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER;
grant APPLICATION_USER to username;
//回滾段的管理
create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline;
drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME;
alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online;
//回滾段上指定事務(wù)
commit;
set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH;
insert into TABLE_NAME
select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE;
commit;
//查詢回滾段的 大小和優(yōu)化參數(shù)
select * from DBA_SEGMENTS
where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’;
select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */
S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */
from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S
where N.USN=S.USN;
//回收回滾段
alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M;
alter rollback segment R1 shrink;
//例子
set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME
alter tablespace RBS
default storage
(initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249)
create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS
storage (optimal 2250K);
alter rollback segment R4 online;
select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE;
grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC;
//用戶和角色
create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER
to ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
alter user THUMPER default role NONE;
alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT;
alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
alter profile DEFAULT
limit idle_time 60;
create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5;
create user JANE identified by EYRE
profile LIMITED_PROFILE;
grant CREATE SESSION to JANE;
alter user JANE account unlock;
alter user JANE account lock;
alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30;
alter user jane password expire;
//創(chuàng)建操作系統(tǒng)用戶
REM Creating OPS$ accounts
create user OPS$FARMER
identified by SOME_PASSWORD
default tablespace USERS
temporary tablespace TEMP;
REM Using identified externally
create user OPS$FARMER
identified externally
default tablespace USERS
temporary tablespace TEMP;
//執(zhí)行ORAPWD
ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users
create role APPLICATION_USER;
grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER;
create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR;
grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option;
//設(shè)置角色
set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
set role NONE;
//回收權(quán)利:
revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER;
revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR;
//回收角色:
revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK;
drop user USERNAME cascade;
grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option;
grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option;
revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR;
create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’;
alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’;
//備份與恢復(fù)
使用 export 程序
exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER)
exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y
imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y
//備份表
exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES)
//備份分區(qū)
exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1)
//輸入例子
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y
exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N
indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y
imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower
rows=Y indexes=Y
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000
//使用操作系統(tǒng)備份命令
REM TAR examples
tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora
//離線備份的shell腳本
ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID
ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK
. oraenv
svrmgrl <<EOF1
connect internal as sysdba
shutdown immediate;
exit
EOF1
insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here
svrmgrl <<EOF2
connect internal as sysdba
startup
EOF2
//在Server Manager上設(shè)置為archivelog mode:
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount cc1;
alter database archivelog;
archive log start;
alter database open;
//在Server Manager上設(shè)置為archivelog mode:
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount cc1;
alter database noarchivelog;
alter database open;
select Name,
Value
from V$PARAMETER
where Name like ’log_archive%’;
//聯(lián)機(jī)備份的腳本
#
# Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database
#
# Set up environment variables:
ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID
ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK
. oraenv
svrmgrl <<EOFarch1
connect internal as sysdba
REM
REM 備份 SYSTEM tablespace
REM
alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup;
!tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf
alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup;
REM
REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a
REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The
REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append
REM to that saveset.
REM
REM 備份 RBS tablespace
REM
alter tablespace RBS begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf
alter tablespace RBS end backup;
REM
REM 備份 DATA tablespace
REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace
REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf.
REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename.
REM
alter tablespace DATA begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf
alter tablespace DATA end backup;
REM
REM 備份 INDEXES tablespace
REM
alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf
alter tablespace INDEXES end backup;
REM
REM 備份 TEMP tablespace
REM
alter tablespace TEMP begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf
alter tablespace TEMP end backup;
REM
REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest
REM of the tablespaces.
REM
REM
REM Step 2. 備份歸檔日志文件.
archive log stop
REM
REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier.
exit
EOFarch1
#
# Record which files are in the destination directory.
# Do this by setting an environment variable that is
# equal to the directory listing for the destination
# directory.
# For this example, the log_archive_dest is
# /db01/oracle/arch/CC1.
#
FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES
#
# Now go back into Server Manager and restart the
# archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2
# in this example).
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape
# device via the "tar" command, then delete them
# from the destination device via the "rm" command.
# You may choose to compress them instead.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES
rm -f $FILES
#
# Step 3. 備份控制文件到磁盤.
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch3
connect internal
alter database backup controlfile to
’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’;
exit
EOFarch3
#
# 備份控制文件到磁帶.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck
#
# End of hot backup script.
//自動(dòng)生成開(kāi)始備份的腳本
set pagesize 0 feedback off
select
’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’
from DBA_TABLESPACES
where Status <> ’INVALID’
spool alter_begin.sql
/
spool off
//自動(dòng)生成備份結(jié)束的腳本
set pagesize 0 feedback off
select
’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’
from DBA_TABLESPACES
where Status <> ’INVALID’
spool alter_end.sql
/
spool off
//備份歸檔日志文件的腳本.
REM See text for alternatives.
# Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep
# additional archived redo log files from being written
# to the destination directory during this process.
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch1
connect internal as sysdba
archive log stop;
REM
REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier.
exit
EOFarch1
#
# Step 2: Record which files are in the destination
# directory.
# Do this by setting an environment variable that is
# equal to the directory listing for the destination
# directory.
# For this example, the log_archive_dest is
# /db01/oracle/arch/CC1.
#
FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES
#
# Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the
# archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2
# in this example).
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal as sysdba
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape
# device via the "tar" command, then delete them
# from the destination device via the "rm" command.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES
#
# Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory.
#
rm -f $FILES
#
# End of archived redo log file backup script.
REM 磁盤到磁盤的備份
REM
REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX)
REM
alter tablespace RBS begin backup;
!cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups
alter tablespace RBS end backup;
REM
REM 移動(dòng)歸檔日志文件的shell腳本
#
# Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal as sysdba
archive log stop;
!mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# end of archived redo log directory move.
//生成創(chuàng)建控制文件命令
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
//時(shí)間點(diǎn)恢復(fù)的例子
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount instance_name;
recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’;
//創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
rman rcvcat rman/rman@<database_service_name>
// 在(UNIX)下創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat;
// 在(NT)下創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT";
//連接描述符范例
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=TCP)
(HOST=HQ)
(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT DATA=
(SID=loc)))
// listener.ora 的條目entry
//創(chuàng)建一個(gè)控制文件命令到跟蹤文件
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
//增加一個(gè)新的日志文件組的語(yǔ)句
connect internal as sysdba
alter database
add logfile group 4
(’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’,
’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M;
alter database
add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’
to group 4;
//在Server Manager上MOUNT并打開(kāi)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount ORA1 exclusive;
alter database open;
//生成數(shù)據(jù)字典
@catalog
@catproc
//在init.ora 中備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的位置
log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’
log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable
log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60"
log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable
//對(duì)用戶的表空間的指定和管理相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句
create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD
default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME;
alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME;
alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM;
alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS;
create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD
default tablespace DATA
temporary tablespace TEMP;
alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP;
//重新指定一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件的大小 :
alter database
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M;
//創(chuàng)建一個(gè)自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展的數(shù)據(jù)文件:
create tablespace DATA
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M
autoextend ON
next 10M
maxsize 250M;
//在表空間上增加一個(gè)自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展的數(shù)據(jù)文件:
alter tablespace DATA
add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’
size 50M
autoextend ON
maxsize 300M;
//修改參數(shù):
alter database
datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’
autoextend ON
maxsize 300M;
//在數(shù)據(jù)文件移動(dòng)期間重新命名:
alter database rename file
’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’;
alter tablespace DATA rename datafile
’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’;
alter database rename file
’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to
’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’;
alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’
resize 80M;
//創(chuàng)建和使用角色:
create role APPLICATION_USER;
grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER;
grant APPLICATION_USER to username;
//回滾段的管理
create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline;
drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME;
alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online;
//回滾段上指定事務(wù)
commit;
set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH;
insert into TABLE_NAME
select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE;
commit;
//查詢回滾段的 大小和優(yōu)化參數(shù)
select * from DBA_SEGMENTS
where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’;
select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */
S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */
from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S
where N.USN=S.USN;
//回收回滾段
alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M;
alter rollback segment R1 shrink;
//例子
set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME
alter tablespace RBS
default storage
(initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249)
create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS
storage (optimal 2250K);
alter rollback segment R4 online;
select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE;
grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC;
//用戶和角色
create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER
to ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
alter user THUMPER default role NONE;
alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT;
alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR;
alter profile DEFAULT
limit idle_time 60;
create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5;
create user JANE identified by EYRE
profile LIMITED_PROFILE;
grant CREATE SESSION to JANE;
alter user JANE account unlock;
alter user JANE account lock;
alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30;
alter user jane password expire;
//創(chuàng)建操作系統(tǒng)用戶
REM Creating OPS$ accounts
create user OPS$FARMER
identified by SOME_PASSWORD
default tablespace USERS
temporary tablespace TEMP;
REM Using identified externally
create user OPS$FARMER
identified externally
default tablespace USERS
temporary tablespace TEMP;
//執(zhí)行ORAPWD
ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users
create role APPLICATION_USER;
grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER;
create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR;
grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option;
//設(shè)置角色
set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK;
set role NONE;
//回收權(quán)利:
revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER;
revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR;
//回收角色:
revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK;
drop user USERNAME cascade;
grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option;
grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option;
revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR;
create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’;
alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’;
//備份與恢復(fù)
使用 export 程序
exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER)
exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y
imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y
//備份表
exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES)
//備份分區(qū)
exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1)
//輸入例子
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y
exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N
indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y
imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower
rows=Y indexes=Y
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000
imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000
//使用操作系統(tǒng)備份命令
REM TAR examples
tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora
//離線備份的shell腳本
ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID
ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK
. oraenv
svrmgrl <<EOF1
connect internal as sysdba
shutdown immediate;
exit
EOF1
insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here
svrmgrl <<EOF2
connect internal as sysdba
startup
EOF2
//在Server Manager上設(shè)置為archivelog mode:
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount cc1;
alter database archivelog;
archive log start;
alter database open;
//在Server Manager上設(shè)置為archivelog mode:
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount cc1;
alter database noarchivelog;
alter database open;
select Name,
Value
from V$PARAMETER
where Name like ’log_archive%’;
//聯(lián)機(jī)備份的腳本
#
# Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database
#
# Set up environment variables:
ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID
ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK
. oraenv
svrmgrl <<EOFarch1
connect internal as sysdba
REM
REM 備份 SYSTEM tablespace
REM
alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup;
!tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf
alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup;
REM
REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a
REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The
REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append
REM to that saveset.
REM
REM 備份 RBS tablespace
REM
alter tablespace RBS begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf
alter tablespace RBS end backup;
REM
REM 備份 DATA tablespace
REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace
REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf.
REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename.
REM
alter tablespace DATA begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf
alter tablespace DATA end backup;
REM
REM 備份 INDEXES tablespace
REM
alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf
alter tablespace INDEXES end backup;
REM
REM 備份 TEMP tablespace
REM
alter tablespace TEMP begin backup;
!tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf
alter tablespace TEMP end backup;
REM
REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest
REM of the tablespaces.
REM
REM
REM Step 2. 備份歸檔日志文件.
archive log stop
REM
REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier.
exit
EOFarch1
#
# Record which files are in the destination directory.
# Do this by setting an environment variable that is
# equal to the directory listing for the destination
# directory.
# For this example, the log_archive_dest is
# /db01/oracle/arch/CC1.
#
FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES
#
# Now go back into Server Manager and restart the
# archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2
# in this example).
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape
# device via the "tar" command, then delete them
# from the destination device via the "rm" command.
# You may choose to compress them instead.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES
rm -f $FILES
#
# Step 3. 備份控制文件到磁盤.
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch3
connect internal
alter database backup controlfile to
’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’;
exit
EOFarch3
#
# 備份控制文件到磁帶.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck
#
# End of hot backup script.
//自動(dòng)生成開(kāi)始備份的腳本
set pagesize 0 feedback off
select
’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’
from DBA_TABLESPACES
where Status <> ’INVALID’
spool alter_begin.sql
/
spool off
//自動(dòng)生成備份結(jié)束的腳本
set pagesize 0 feedback off
select
’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’
from DBA_TABLESPACES
where Status <> ’INVALID’
spool alter_end.sql
/
spool off
//備份歸檔日志文件的腳本.
REM See text for alternatives.
# Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep
# additional archived redo log files from being written
# to the destination directory during this process.
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch1
connect internal as sysdba
archive log stop;
REM
REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier.
exit
EOFarch1
#
# Step 2: Record which files are in the destination
# directory.
# Do this by setting an environment variable that is
# equal to the directory listing for the destination
# directory.
# For this example, the log_archive_dest is
# /db01/oracle/arch/CC1.
#
FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES
#
# Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the
# archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2
# in this example).
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal as sysdba
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape
# device via the "tar" command, then delete them
# from the destination device via the "rm" command.
#
tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES
#
# Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory.
#
rm -f $FILES
#
# End of archived redo log file backup script.
REM 磁盤到磁盤的備份
REM
REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX)
REM
alter tablespace RBS begin backup;
!cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups
alter tablespace RBS end backup;
REM
REM 移動(dòng)歸檔日志文件的shell腳本
#
# Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device
#
svrmgrl <<EOFarch2
connect internal as sysdba
archive log stop;
!mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1
archive log start;
exit
EOFarch2
#
# end of archived redo log directory move.
//生成創(chuàng)建控制文件命令
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
//時(shí)間點(diǎn)恢復(fù)的例子
connect internal as sysdba
startup mount instance_name;
recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’;
//創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
rman rcvcat rman/rman@<database_service_name>
// 在(UNIX)下創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat;
// 在(NT)下創(chuàng)建恢復(fù)目錄
RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT";
//連接描述符范例
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=TCP)
(HOST=HQ)
(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT DATA=
(SID=loc)))
// listener.ora 的條目entry
LISTENER =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=IPC)
轉(zhuǎn)貼于 學(xué)生大讀書網(wǎng) http://
(KEY= loc.world)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = loc)
(ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1)
)
)
// tnsnames.ora 的條目
LOC=
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS =
(PROTOCOL = TCP)
(HOST = HQ)
(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = loc)
(INSTANCE_NAME = loc)
)
)
//連接參數(shù)的設(shè)置（sql*net）
LOC =(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=
(COMMUNITY=TCP.HQ.COMPANY)
(PROTOCOL=TCP)
(HOST=HQ)
(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT DATA=
(SID=loc)))
//參數(shù)文件配置范例
// tnsnames.ora
HQ =(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=TCP)
(HOST=HQ)
(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT DATA=
(SID=loc)))
// listener.ora
LISTENER =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS=
(PROTOCOL=IPC)
(KEY= loc)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = loc)
(ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1)
)
)
// Oracle8I tnsnames.ora
LOC=
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS =
(PROTOCOL = TCP)
(HOST = HQ)
(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = loc)
(INSTANCE_NAME = loc)
)
)
//使用 COPY 實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)之間的復(fù)制
copy from
remote_username/remote_password@service_name
to
username/password@service_name
[append|create|insert|replace]
TABLE_NAME
using subquery;
REM COPY example
set copycommit 1
set arraysize 1000
copy from HR/PUFFINSTUFF@loc -
create EMPLOYEE -
using -
select * from EMPLOYEE
//監(jiān)視器的管理
lsnrctl start
lsnrctl start my_lsnr
lsnrctl status
lsnrctl status hq
檢查監(jiān)視器的進(jìn)程
ps -ef | grep tnslsnr
//在 lsnrctl 內(nèi)停止監(jiān)視器
set password lsnr_password
stop
//在lsnrctl 內(nèi)列出所有的服務(wù)
set password lsnr_password
services
//啟動(dòng)或停止一個(gè)NT的listener
net start Oracle<version_name>TNSListener
net stop Oracle<version_name>TNSListener
// tnsnames.ora 文件的內(nèi)容
fld1 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)
(HOST = server1.fld.com)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = fld1)
)
)
//操作系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的管理
telnet host_name
ping host_name
/etc/hosts 文件
130.110.238.109 nmhost
130.110.238.101 txhost
130.110.238.102 azhost arizona
//oratab 表項(xiàng)
loc:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:Y
cc1:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:N
old:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.0:Y
--MartriWang@gmail.com 11/05/2007--
Oracle優(yōu)化經(jīng)典文章------索引原理篇
Oracle提供了大量索引選項(xiàng)。知道在給定條件下使用哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)于一個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的性能來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要。一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的選擇可能會(huì)引發(fā)死鎖，
并導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)性能急劇下降或進(jìn)程終止。而如果做出正確的選擇，則可以合理使用資源，使那些已經(jīng)運(yùn)行了幾個(gè)小時(shí)甚至幾天的進(jìn)程在幾分鐘得以完成，
這樣會(huì)使您立刻成為一位英雄。這篇文章就將簡(jiǎn)單的討論每個(gè)索引選項(xiàng)。主要有以下內(nèi)容：
[1] 基本的索引概念
查詢DBA_INDEXES視圖可得到表中所有索引的列表，注意只能通過(guò)USER_INDEXES的方法來(lái)檢索模式(schema)的索引。訪問(wèn)USER_IND_COLUMNS視圖可得到
一個(gè)給定表中被索引的特定列。
[2] 組合索引
當(dāng)某個(gè)索引包含有多個(gè)已索引的列時(shí)，稱這個(gè)索引為組合（concatented）索引。在 Oracle9i引入跳躍式掃描的索引訪問(wèn)方法之前，查詢只能在有限條
件下使用該索引。比如：表emp有一個(gè)組合索引鍵，該索引包含了empno、ename和deptno。在Oracle9i之前除非在where之句中對(duì)第一列（empno）指定一
個(gè)值，否則就不能使用這個(gè)索引鍵進(jìn)行一次范圍掃描。
特別注意：在Oracle9i之前，只有在使用到索引的前導(dǎo)索引時(shí)才可以使用組合索引！
[3] ORACLE ROWID
通過(guò)每個(gè)行的ROWID，索引Oracle提供了訪問(wèn)單行數(shù)據(jù)的能力。ROWID其實(shí)就是直接指向單獨(dú)行的線路圖。如果想檢查重復(fù)值或是其他對(duì)ROWID本身的引用，
可以在任何表中使用和指定rowid列。
[4] 限制索引
限制索引是一些沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的開(kāi)發(fā)人員經(jīng)常犯的錯(cuò)誤之一。在SQL中有很多陷阱會(huì)使一些索引無(wú)法使用。下面討論一些常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題：
4.1 使用不等于操作符（<>、!=）
下面的查詢即使在cust_rating列有一個(gè)索引，查詢語(yǔ)句仍然執(zhí)行一次全表掃描。
select cust_Id,cust_name
from customers
where cust_rating <> 'aa';
把上面的語(yǔ)句改成如下的查詢語(yǔ)句，這樣，在采用基于規(guī)則的優(yōu)化器而不是基于代價(jià)的優(yōu)化器（更智能）時(shí)，將會(huì)使用索引。
select cust_Id,cust_name
from customers
where cust_rating < 'aa' or cust_rating > 'aa';
特別注意：通過(guò)把不等于操作符改成OR條件，就可以使用索引，以避免全表掃描。
4.2 使用IS NULL 或IS NOT NULL
使用IS NULL 或IS NOT NULL同樣會(huì)限制索引的使用。因?yàn)镹ULL值并沒(méi)有被定義。在SQL語(yǔ)句中使用NULL會(huì)有很多的麻煩。因此建議開(kāi)發(fā)人員在建表時(shí)，
把需要索引的列設(shè)成NOT NULL。如果被索引的列在某些行中存在NULL值，就不會(huì)使用這個(gè)索引（除非索引是一個(gè)位圖索引，關(guān)于位圖索引在稍后在詳細(xì)討論）。
4.3 使用函數(shù)
如果不使用基于函數(shù)的索引，那么在SQL語(yǔ)句的WHERE子句中對(duì)存在索引的列使用函數(shù)時(shí)，會(huì)使優(yōu)化器忽略掉這些索引。
下面的查詢不會(huì)使用索引（只要它不是基于函數(shù)的索引）
select empno,ename,deptno
from emp
where trunc(hiredate)='01-MAY-81';
把上面的語(yǔ)句改成下面的語(yǔ)句，這樣就可以通過(guò)索引進(jìn)行查找。
select empno,ename,deptno
from emp
where hiredate<(to_date('01-MAY-81')+0.9999);
4.4 比較不匹配的數(shù)據(jù)類型
比較不匹配的數(shù)據(jù)類型也是比較難于發(fā)現(xiàn)的性能問(wèn)題之一。
注意下面查詢的例子，account_number是一個(gè)VARCHAR2類型，在account_number字段上有索引。下面的語(yǔ)句將執(zhí)行全表掃描。
select bank_name,address,city,state,zip
from banks
where account_number = 990354;
Oracle可以自動(dòng)把where子句變成to_number(account_number)=990354，這樣就限制了索引的使用,改成下面的查詢就可以使用索引：
select bank_name,address,city,state,zip
from banks
where account_number ='990354';
特別注意：不匹配的數(shù)據(jù)類型之間比較會(huì)讓Oracle自動(dòng)限制索引的使用，即便對(duì)這個(gè)查詢執(zhí)行Explain Plan也不能讓您明白為什么做了一
次“全表掃描”。
[5] 選擇性
使用USER_INDEXES視圖，該視圖中顯示了一個(gè)distinct_keys列。比較一下唯一鍵的數(shù)量和表中的行數(shù)，就可以判斷索引的選擇性。選擇性越高，
索引返回的數(shù)據(jù)就越少。
[6] 群集因子(Clustering Factor)
Clustering Factor位于USER_INDEXES視圖中。該列反映了數(shù)據(jù)相對(duì)于已索引的列是否顯得有序。如果Clustering Factor列的值接近于索引中的樹(shù)葉塊
(leaf block)的數(shù)目，表中的數(shù)據(jù)就越有序。如果它的值接近于表中的行數(shù)，則表中的數(shù)據(jù)就不是很有序。
[7] 二元高度(Binary height)
索引的二元高度對(duì)把ROWID返回給用戶進(jìn)程時(shí)所要求的I/O量起到關(guān)鍵作用。在對(duì)一個(gè)索引進(jìn)行分析后，可以通過(guò)查詢DBA_INDEXES的B-level列查看它的二元高度。
二元高度主要隨著表的大小以及被索引的列中值的范圍的狹窄程度而變化。索引上如果有大量被刪除的行，它的二元高度也會(huì)增加。更新索引列也類似于刪除操作，
因?yàn)樗黾恿艘褎h除鍵的數(shù)目。重建索引可能會(huì)降低二元高度。
[8] 快速全局掃描
在Oracle7.3后就可以使用快速全局掃描(Fast Full Scan)這個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)允許Oracle執(zhí)行一個(gè)全局索引掃描操作。快速全局掃描讀取B-樹(shù)索引上所有樹(shù)葉塊。
初始化文件中的DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT參數(shù)可以控制同時(shí)被讀取的塊的數(shù)目。
[9] 跳躍式掃描
從Oracle9i開(kāi)始，索引跳躍式掃描特性可以允許優(yōu)化器使用組合索引，即便索引的前導(dǎo)列沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)在WHERE子句中。索引跳躍式掃描比全索引掃描要快的多。
下面的程序清單顯示出性能的差別：
create index skip1 on emp5(job,empno);
index created.
select count(*)
from emp5
where empno=7900;
Elapsed:00:00:03.13
Execution Plan
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE(Cost=4 Card=1 Bytes=5)
1 0 SORT(AGGREGATE)
2 1 INDEX(FAST FULL SCAN) OF 'SKIP1'(NON-UNIQUE)
Statistics
6826 consistent gets
6819 physical reads
select /*+ index(emp5 skip1)*/ count(*)
from emp5
where empno=7900;
Elapsed:00:00:00.56
Execution Plan
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE(Cost=6 Card=1 Bytes=5)
1 0 SORT(AGGREGATE)
2 1 INDEX(SKIP SCAN) OF 'SKIP1'(NON-UNIQUE)
Statistics
21 consistent gets
17 physical reads
[10] 索引的類型
B-樹(shù)索引
位圖索引
HASH索引
索引編排表
反轉(zhuǎn)鍵索引
基于函數(shù)的索引
分區(qū)索引
本地和全局索引
==================================================================================================================================================
--MartriWang@gmail.com 11/05/2007--
索引(INDEX)
1.索引是建立在表的一列或多個(gè)列上的輔助對(duì)象，目的是加快訪問(wèn)表中的數(shù)據(jù)；
Oracle存儲(chǔ)索引的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)是B*樹(shù)，位圖索引也是如此，只不過(guò)是葉子節(jié)點(diǎn)不同B*數(shù)索引；
索引由根節(jié)點(diǎn)、分支節(jié)點(diǎn)和葉子節(jié)點(diǎn)組成，上級(jí)索引塊包含下級(jí)索引塊的索引數(shù)據(jù)，葉節(jié)點(diǎn)包含索引數(shù)據(jù)和確定行實(shí)際位置的rowid。
使用索引的目的
加快查詢速度
減少I/O操作
消除磁盤排序
何時(shí)使用索引
查詢返回的記錄數(shù)
排序表<40%
非排序表 <7%
表的碎片較多（頻繁增加、刪除）
索引的種類
非唯一索引（最常用）
唯一索引
位圖索引
局部有前綴分區(qū)索引
局部無(wú)前綴分區(qū)索引
全局有前綴分區(qū)索引
散列分區(qū)索引
基于函數(shù)的索引
2.管理索引的準(zhǔn)則
在表中插入數(shù)據(jù)后創(chuàng)建索引
。在用SQL*Loader或import工具插入或裝載數(shù)據(jù)后，建立索引比較有效；
索引正確的表和列
。經(jīng)常檢索排序大表中40%或非排序表7%的行，建議建索引；
。為了改善多表關(guān)聯(lián)，索引列用于聯(lián)結(jié)；
。列中的值相對(duì)比較唯一；
。取值范圍（大：B*樹(shù)索引，小：位圖索引）；
。Date型列一般適合基于函數(shù)的索引；
。列中有許多空值，不適合建立索引
為性能而安排索引列
。經(jīng)常一起使用多個(gè)字段檢索記錄，組合索引比單索引更有效；
。把最常用的列放在最前面，例：dx_groupid_serv_id(groupid,serv_id)，在where條件中使用groupid或groupid,serv_id，查詢將使用索引，若僅用到serv_id字段，則索引無(wú)效；
。合并/拆分不必要的索引。
限制每個(gè)表索引的數(shù)量
。一個(gè)表可以有幾百個(gè)索引（你會(huì)這樣做嗎？），但是對(duì)于頻繁插入和更新表，索引越多系統(tǒng)CPU，I/O負(fù)擔(dān)就越重；
。建議每張表不超過(guò)5個(gè)索引。
刪除不再需要的索引
。索引無(wú)效，集中表現(xiàn)在該使用基于函數(shù)的索引或位圖索引，而使用了B*樹(shù)索引；
。應(yīng)用中的查詢不使用索引；
。重建索引之前必須先刪除索引，若用alter index … rebuild重建索引，則不必刪除索引。
索引數(shù)據(jù)塊空間使用
。創(chuàng)建索引時(shí)指定表空間，特別是在建立主鍵時(shí)，應(yīng)明確指定表空間；
。合理設(shè)定pctfress，注意：不能給索引指定pctused；
。估計(jì)索引的大小和合理地設(shè)置存儲(chǔ)參數(shù)，默認(rèn)為表空間大小，或initial與next設(shè)置成一樣大。
考慮并行創(chuàng)建索引
。對(duì)大表可以采用并行創(chuàng)建索引，在并行創(chuàng)建索引時(shí)，存儲(chǔ)參數(shù)被每個(gè)查詢服務(wù)器進(jìn)程分別使用，例如：initial為1M，并行度為8，則創(chuàng)建索引期間至少要消耗8M空間；
考慮用nologging創(chuàng)建索引
。對(duì)大表創(chuàng)建索引可以使用nologging來(lái)減少重做日志；
。節(jié)省重做日志文件的空間；
。縮短創(chuàng)建索引的時(shí)間；
。改善了并行創(chuàng)建大索引時(shí)的性能。
3.怎樣建立最佳索引
明確地創(chuàng)建索引
create index index_name on table_name(field_name)
tablespace tablespace_name
pctfree 5
initrans 2
maxtrans 255
storage
(
minextents 1
maxextents 16382
pctincrease 0
);
創(chuàng)建基于函數(shù)的索引
。常用與UPPER、LOWER、TO_CHAR(date)等函數(shù)分類上，例：
create index idx_func on emp (UPPER(ename)) tablespace tablespace_name;
創(chuàng)建位圖索引
。對(duì)基數(shù)較小，且基數(shù)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的列建立索引時(shí)，首先應(yīng)該考慮位圖索引，例：
create bitmap index idx_bitm on class (classno) tablespace tablespace_name;
明確地創(chuàng)建唯一索引
。可以用create unique index語(yǔ)句來(lái)創(chuàng)建唯一索引，例：
create unique index dept_unique_idx on dept(dept_no) tablespace idx_1;
創(chuàng)建與約束相關(guān)的索引
。可以用using index字句，為與unique和primary key約束相關(guān)的索引，例如：
alter table table_name
add constraint PK_primary_keyname primary key (field_name)
using index tablespace tablespace_name；
如何創(chuàng)建局部分區(qū)索引
。基礎(chǔ)表必須是分區(qū)表；
。分區(qū)數(shù)量與基礎(chǔ)表相同；
。每個(gè)索引分區(qū)的子分區(qū)數(shù)量與相應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)表分區(qū)相同；
。基礎(chǔ)表的子分區(qū)中的行的索引項(xiàng)，被存儲(chǔ)在該索引的相應(yīng)的子分區(qū)中,例如:
Create Index TG_CDR04_SERV_ID_IDX On TG_CDR04(SERV_ID)
Pctfree 5
Tablespace TBS_AK01_IDX
Storage (
MaxExtents 32768
PctIncrease 0
FreeLists 1
FreeList Groups 1
)
local
/
如何創(chuàng)建范圍分區(qū)的全局索引
。基礎(chǔ)表可以是全局表和分區(qū)表。
create index idx_start_date on tg_cdr01(start_date)
global partition by range(start_date)
(partition p01_idx vlaues less than (‘0106’)
partition p01_idx vlaues less than (‘0111’)
…
partition p01_idx vlaues less than (‘0401’ ))
/
重建現(xiàn)存的索引
重建現(xiàn)存的索引的當(dāng)前時(shí)刻不會(huì)影響查詢；
重建索引可以刪除額外的數(shù)據(jù)塊；
提高索引查詢效率；
alter index idx_name rebuild nologging;
對(duì)于分區(qū)索引：
alter index idx_name rebuild partition partiton_name nologging;
要?jiǎng)h除索引的原因
。不再需要的索引；
。索引沒(méi)有針對(duì)其相關(guān)的表所發(fā)布的查詢提供所期望的性能改善；
。應(yīng)用沒(méi)有用該索引來(lái)查詢數(shù)據(jù)；
。該索引無(wú)效，必須在重建之前刪除該索引；
。該索引已經(jīng)變的太碎了，必須在重建之前刪除該索引；
。語(yǔ)句：
drop index idx_name;
drop index idx_name drop partition partition_name;
建立索引的代價(jià)
基礎(chǔ)表維護(hù)時(shí)，系統(tǒng)要同時(shí)維護(hù)索引，不合理的索引將嚴(yán)重影響系統(tǒng)資源，主要表現(xiàn)在CPU和I/O上；
插入、更新、刪除數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生大量db file sequential read鎖等待；
4.SQL優(yōu)化器簡(jiǎn)介
基于規(guī)則的優(yōu)化器
。總是使用索引
。總是從驅(qū)動(dòng)表開(kāi)始（from子句最右邊的表）
。只有在不可避免的情況下，才使用全表掃描
。任何索引都可以
基于成本的優(yōu)化器
。需要表、索引的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料
Analyze table customer compute statistics;
Analyze table customer estimate statistics sample 5000 rows;
。表中設(shè)置并行度、表分區(qū)
--MartriWang@gmail.com 21/06/2007--
軟件環(huán)境：
1. Windows 2000+ORACLE 8.1.7
2. ORACLE安裝路徑為：C:\ORACLE
實(shí)現(xiàn)方法：
1. 開(kāi)始－＞設(shè)置－＞控制面板－＞管理工具－＞服務(wù) 停止所有Oracle服務(wù)。
2. 開(kāi)始－＞程序－＞Oracle - OraHome81－＞Oracle Installation Products－＞ Universal Installer 卸裝所有Oracle產(chǎn)品，
但Universal Installer本身不能被刪除
5. 運(yùn)行regedit，選擇HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE，按del鍵刪除這個(gè)入口。
6. 運(yùn)行regedit，選擇HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services，滾動(dòng) 這個(gè)列表，刪除所有Oracle入口。
7. 運(yùn)行refedit，選擇HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Eventlog\Application， 刪除所有Oracle入口。
8. 開(kāi)始－＞設(shè)置－＞控制面板－＞系統(tǒng)－＞高級(jí)－＞環(huán)境變量 刪除環(huán)境變量CLASSPATH和PATH中有關(guān)Oracle的設(shè)定
9. 從桌面上、STARTUP（啟動(dòng)）組、程序菜單中，刪除所有有關(guān)Oracle的組和圖標(biāo)
10.刪除\Program Files\Oracle目錄
11. 重新啟動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)，重起后才能完全刪除Oracle所在目錄
12、刪除與Oracle有關(guān)的文件，選擇Oracle所在的缺省目錄C:\Oracle，刪除這個(gè)入口目錄及所有子目錄，并從Windows 2000目錄
（一般為C:\WINNT）下刪除以下文件ORACLE.INI、oradim73.INI、oradim80.INI、oraodbc.ini等等。
13. WIN.INI文件中若有[ORACLE]的標(biāo)記段，刪除該段
14. 如有必要，刪除所有Oracle相關(guān)的ODBC的DSN
15. 到事件查看器中，刪除Oracle相關(guān)的日志 說(shuō)明：如果有個(gè)別DLL文件無(wú)法刪除的情況，則不用理會(huì)，重新啟動(dòng)，開(kāi)始新的安裝，
安裝時(shí)，選擇一個(gè)新的目錄，則，安裝完畢并重新啟動(dòng)后，老的目錄及文件就可以刪除掉了
--MartriWang@gmail.com 25/06/2007--
--創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)表空間
CREATE TABLESPACE TS1
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS1.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS2
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS2.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS3
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS3.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS4
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS4.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS5
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS5.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS6
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS6.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS7
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS7.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS8
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS8.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS9
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS9.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS10
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS10.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS11
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS11.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TS12
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TS12.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
--創(chuàng)建索引表空間
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI1
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI1.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI2
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI2.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI3
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI3.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI4
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI4.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI5
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI5.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI6
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI6.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI7
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI7.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI8
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI8.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI9
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI9.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI10
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI10.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI11
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI11.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
CREATE TABLESPACE TSI12
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA9\TSI12.ORA' SIZE 1M EXTENT
MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;
--范圍分區(qū)表
drop table sales1;
--范圍必須越來(lái)越大
CREATE TABLE sales1(
year int ,
month int,
day int,
fee number)
PARTITION by range (year,month,day)
(
partition sale1 values less than(1999,02,01) tablespace ts1,
partition sale2 values less than(2000,01,01) tablespace ts2,
partition sale3 values less than(2001,01,01) tablespace ts3,
partition sale4 values less than(2002,01,01) tablespace ts4,
partition sale5 values less than(MAXVALUE,MAXVALUE,MAXVALUE) tablespace ts5
);
--第一種索引
drop index idx_sales1;
create index idx_sales1 on sales1(year);
--第二種索引
drop index idx_sales1;
--ORA-14021: 必須指定所有列的 MAXVALUE
--ORA-14010: 不可以指定索引分區(qū)的此物理屬性
create index idx_sales1 on sales1(year)
global partition by range(year)
(
partition sale1 values less than(1999) tablespace tsi1,
partition sale2 values less than(2000) tablespace tsi2,
partition sale3 values less than(2001) tablespace tsi3,
partition sale4 values less than(2002) tablespace tsi4,
partition sale5 values less than(MAXVALUE) tablespace tsi5
);
--第三種索引
drop index idx_sales1;
--ORA-14024: LOCAL 索引的分區(qū)數(shù)必須等于基本表的分區(qū)數(shù)(索引分區(qū)名可以與表分區(qū)名不一致，不過(guò)索引數(shù)據(jù)怎么存儲(chǔ)呢？）
CREATE INDEX idx_sales1 ON SALES1 (YEAR)
TABLESPACE EXAMPLE LOCAL
(
PARTITION aSALE1 tablespace tsi1,
PARTITION aSALE2 tablespace tsi2,
PARTITION aSALE3 tablespace tsi3,
PARTITION aSALE4 tablespace tsi4)
;
insert into sales1 values(1999,01,01,1);
--null 插入到maxvalue表空間。
insert into sales1 values(null,null,null,0);
--ORA-14400: 插入的分區(qū)關(guān)鍵字未映射到任何分區(qū)
insert into sales1 values(2004,01,01,1);
commit;
--列表分區(qū)表
drop table sales2;
--范圍必須越來(lái)越大
CREATE TABLE sales2(
year int ,
month int,
day int,
fee number)
PARTITION by list (year)
(
partition sale1 values (1999) tablespace ts1,
partition sale2 values (2000) tablespace ts2,
partition sale3 values (2001) tablespace ts3,
partition sale4 values (2002) tablespace ts4,
partition sale5 values (null) tablespace ts5,
partition sale6 values (default) tablespace ts6
);
--第一種索引
drop index idx_sales2;
create index idx_sales2 on sales2(year);
--第二種索引
drop index idx_sales2;
--ORA-14021: 必須指定所有列的 MAXVALUE
--ORA-14010: 不可以指定索引分區(qū)的此物理屬性
create index idx_sales2 on sales2(year)
global partition by range(year)
(
partition sale1 values less than(1999) tablespace tsi1,
partition sale2 values less than(2000) tablespace tsi2,
partition sale3 values less than(2001) tablespace tsi3,
partition sale4 values less than(2002) tablespace tsi4,
partition sale5 values less than(MAXVALUE) tablespace tsi5
);
--第三種索引
drop index idx_sales2;
--ORA-14024: LOCAL 索引的分區(qū)數(shù)必須等于基本表的分區(qū)數(shù)(索引分區(qū)名可以與表分區(qū)名不一致，不過(guò)索引數(shù)據(jù)怎么存儲(chǔ)呢？）
CREATE INDEX idx_sales2 ON sales2 (YEAR)
TABLESPACE EXAMPLE LOCAL
(
PARTITION iSALE1 tablespace tsi1,
PARTITION iSALE2 tablespace tsi2,
PARTITION iSALE3 tablespace tsi3,
PARTITION iSALE4 tablespace tsi4,
PARTITION iSALE5 tablespace tsi5)
;
insert into sales2 values(1999,01,01,1);
--ORA-14400: 插入的分區(qū)關(guān)鍵字未映射到任何分區(qū)
insert into sales2 values(2004,01,01,1);
insert into sales2 values(null,01,01,1);
commit;
/******************************************************************************/
--1 AAAHmyAALAAAAAXAAA 1999 1 1 1 11 11
--2 AAAHm2AAPAAAAAPAAA 1 1 1 15 15
--3 AAAHm3AAQAAAAAPAAA 2004 1 1 1 16 16
/******************************************************************************/
--散列分區(qū)表
drop table sales3;
CREATE TABLE sales3(
year int ,
month int,
day int,
fee number)
PARTITION by hash (year)
partitions 5;
drop table sales3;
--ORA-14170: 不能在 CREATE TABLE|INDEX 中指定 <分區(qū) - 說(shuō)明> 子句
CREATE TABLE sales3(
year int ,
month int,
day int,
fee number)
PARTITION by hash (year)
--partitions 5
(
partition p1 tablespace ts1,
partition p2 tablespace ts2,
partition p3 tablespace ts3,
partition p4 tablespace ts4,
partition p5 tablespace ts5
);
--第一種索引
drop index idx_sales3;
create index idx_sales3 on sales3(year);
--第二種索引
drop index idx_sales3;
--ORA-14021: 必須指定所有列的 MAXVALUE
--ORA-14010: 不可以指定索引分區(qū)的此物理屬性
create index idx_sales3 on sales3(year)
global partition by range(year)
(
partition sale1 values less than(1999) tablespace tsi1,
partition sale2 values less than(2000) tablespace tsi2,
partition sale3 values less than(2001) tablespace tsi3,
partition sale4 values less than(2002) tablespace tsi4,
partition sale5 values less than(MAXVALUE) tablespace tsi5
);
--第三種索引
--ORA-14024: LOCAL 索引的分區(qū)數(shù)必須等于基本表的分區(qū)數(shù)(索引分區(qū)名可以與表分區(qū)名不一致，不過(guò)索引數(shù)據(jù)怎么存儲(chǔ)呢？）
drop index idx_sales3;
CREATE INDEX idx_sales3 ON sales3 (YEAR)
TABLESPACE EXAMPLE LOCAL
(
PARTITION SALE1 tablespace tsi1,
PARTITION SALE2 tablespace tsi2,
PARTITION SALE3 tablespace tsi3,
PARTITION SALE4 tablespace tsi4,
PARTITION SALE5 tablespace tsi5)
;
insert into sales3 values(1999,01,01,1);
--ORA-14400: 插入的分區(qū)關(guān)鍵字未映射到任何分區(qū)
insert into sales3 values(2004,01,01,1);
insert into sales3 values(null,01,01,1);
commit;
/******************************************************************************/
--1 AAAHmyAALAAAAAXAAA 1999 1 1 1 11 11
--2 AAAHm2AAPAAAAAPAAA 1 1 1 15 15
--3 AAAHm3AAQAAAAAPAAA 2004 1 1 1 16 16
/******************************************************************************/
--組合分區(qū)表
drop table sales4;
--組合必須越來(lái)越大
CREATE TABLE sales4(
year int ,
month int,
day int,
fee number)
PARTITION by range (year) subpartition by hash(month)
subpartitions 8 store in (ts11,ts12)
(
partition sale1 values less than(1999) tablespace ts1,
partition sale2 values less than(2000) tablespace ts2,
partition sale3 values less than(2001) tablespace ts3,
partition sale4 values less than(2002) tablespace ts4
);
--第一種索引
drop index idx_sales4;
create index idx_sales4 on sales4(year);
--第二種索引
drop index idx_sales4;
--ORA-14021: 必須指定所有列的 MAXVALUE
--ORA-14010: 不可以指定索引分區(qū)的此物理屬性
create index idx_sales4 on sales4(year)
global partition by range(year)
(
partition sale1 values less than(1999) tablespace tsi1,
partition sale2 values less than(2000) tablespace tsi2,
partition sale3 values less than(2001) tablespace tsi3,
partition sale4 values less than(2002) tablespace tsi4,
partition sale5 values less than(MAXVALUE) tablespace tsi5
);
--第三種索引
drop index idx_sales4;
--ORA-14024: LOCAL 索引的分區(qū)數(shù)必須等于基本表的分區(qū)數(shù)(索引分區(qū)名可以與表分區(qū)名不一致，不過(guò)索引數(shù)據(jù)怎么存儲(chǔ)呢？）
CREATE INDEX idx_sales4 ON sales4 (YEAR)
TABLESPACE EXAMPLE LOCAL
(
PARTITION aSALE1 tablespace tsi1,
PARTITION aSALE2 tablespace tsi2,
PARTITION aSALE3 tablespace tsi3,
PARTITION aSALE4 tablespace tsi4)
;
insert into sales4 values(1999,01,01,1);
--ORA-14400: 插入的分區(qū)關(guān)鍵字未映射到任何分區(qū)
insert into sales4 values(2004,01,01,1);
commit;
轉(zhuǎn)載自：http://blog.csdn.net/wonth/archive/2007/06/28/1670355.aspx