1 ?泛型(Generic)
1.1 說明 增強(qiáng)了java的類型安全,可以在編譯期間對(duì)容器內(nèi)的對(duì)象進(jìn)行類型檢查,在運(yùn)行期不必進(jìn)行類型的轉(zhuǎn)換。而在j2se5之前必須在運(yùn)行期動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行容器內(nèi)對(duì)象的檢查及轉(zhuǎn)換 減少含糊的容器,可以定義什么類型的數(shù)據(jù)放入容器 ArrayList<Integer> listOfIntegers; // <TYPE_NAME> is new to the syntax Integer integerObject; listOfIntegers = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // <TYPE_NAME> is new to the syntax listOfIntegers.add(new Integer(10)); // 只能是Integer類型 integerObject = listOfIntegers.get(0); // 取出對(duì)象不需要轉(zhuǎn)換 1.2?? 用法 聲明及實(shí)例化泛型類: HashMap<String,Float> hm = new HashMap<String,Float>(); //不能使用原始類型 GenList<int> nList = new GenList<int>();? //編譯錯(cuò)誤 J2SE 5.0目前不支持原始類型作為類型參數(shù)(type parameter) 定義泛型接口: public interface GenInterface<T> {
??? void func(T t); } 定義泛型類: public class ArrayList<ItemType> { ... }
public class GenMap<T, V> { ... } 例1: public class MyList<Element> extends LinkedList<Element>
{ ?????? public void swap(int i, int j) ?????? { ????????????? Element temp = this.get(i); ????????????? this.set(i, this.get(j)); ????????????? this.set(j, temp); ?????? }
?????? public static void main(String[] args) ?????? { ????????????? MyList<String> list = new MyList<String>(); ????????????? list.add("hi"); ????????????? list.add("andy"); ????????????? System.out.println(list.get(0) + " " + list.get(1)); ????????????? list.swap(0,1); ????????????? System.out.println(list.get(0) + " " + list.get(1)); ?????? } } 例2: public class GenList <T>{
?????? private T[] elements; ?????? private int size = 0; ?????? private int length = 0;
?????? public GenList(int size) { ????????????? elements = (T[])new Object[size]; ????????????? this.size = size; ?????? }
?????? public T get(int i) { ????????????? if (i < length) { ???????????????????? return elements[i]; ????????????? } ????????????? return null; ?????? }
?????? public void add(T e) { ????????????? if (length < size - 1) ???????????????????? elements[length++] = e; ?????? } } 泛型方法: public class TestGenerics{
?????? public <T> String getString(T obj) { //實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)泛型方法 ????????????? return obj.toString(); ?????? }
?????? public static void main(String [] args){ ????????????? TestGenerics t = new TestGenerics(); ????????????? String s = "Hello"; ????????????? Integer i = 100; ????????????? System.out.println(t.getString(s)); ????????????? System.out.println(t.getString(i)); ????????????? } } 1.3 受限泛型 受限泛型是指類型參數(shù)的取值范圍是受到限制的. extends關(guān)鍵字不僅僅可以用來聲明類的繼承關(guān)系, 也可以用來聲明類型參數(shù)(type parameter)的受限關(guān)系.例如, 我們只需要一個(gè)存放數(shù)字的列表, 包括整數(shù)(Long, Integer, Short), 實(shí)數(shù)(Double, Float), 不能用來存放其他類型, 例如字符串(String), 也就是說, 要把類型參數(shù)T的取值泛型限制在Number極其子類中.在這種情況下, 我們就可以使用extends關(guān)鍵字把類型參數(shù)(type parameter)限制為數(shù)字 示例 public class Limited<T extends Number> {
?????? public static void main(String[] args) { ????????????? Limited<Integer> number;?? //正確 ????????????? Limited<String> str;?????? //編譯錯(cuò)誤 ?????? } } 1.4? 泛型與異常 類型參數(shù)在catch塊中不允許出現(xiàn),但是能用在方法的throws之后。例: import java.io.*;
interface Executor<E extends Exception> { ?????? void execute() throws E; }
public class GenericExceptionTest { ?????? public static void main(String args[]) { ????????????? try { ???????????????????? Executor<IOException> e = new Executor<IOException>() { ??????????????????????????? public void execute() throws IOException{ ?????????????????????????????????? // code here that may throw an ?????????????????????????????????? // IOException or a subtype of ?????????????????????????????????? // IOException ??????????????????????????? } ??????????????????????????? }; ???????????????????? e.execute(); ????????????? } catch(IOException ioe) { ???????????????????? System.out.println("IOException: " + ioe); ???????????????????? ioe.printStackTrace(); ????????????? } ?????? } } 1.5 泛型的通配符"?" "?"可以用來代替任何類型, 例如使用通配符來實(shí)現(xiàn)print方法。 public static void print(GenList<?> list) {}) ?
1.6? 泛型的一些局限型 不能實(shí)例化泛型 T t = new T(); //error ?
不能實(shí)例化泛型類型的數(shù)組 T[] ts= new T[10];?? //編譯錯(cuò)誤 ?
不能實(shí)例化泛型參數(shù)數(shù) Pair<String>[] table = new Pair<String>(10); // ERROR ?
類的靜態(tài)變量不能聲明為類型參數(shù)類型 public class GenClass<T> {
???? private static T t;??? //編譯錯(cuò)誤 } 泛型類不能繼承自Throwable以及其子類 public GenExpection<T> extends Exception{}??? //編譯錯(cuò)誤 ?
不能用于基礎(chǔ)類型int等 Pair<double> //error
Pair<Double> //right 2 增強(qiáng)循環(huán)(Enhanced for Loop) 舊的循環(huán) LinkedList list = new LinkedList();?
list.add("Hi"); list.add("everyone!"); list.add("Was"); list.add("the"); list.add("pizza"); list.add("good?"); for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) ?????? System.out.println((String) list.get(i)); //或者用以下循環(huán) //for(Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) { //Integer stringObject = (String)iter.next(); // ... more statements to use stringObject... //} 新的循環(huán) LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<String>();?
list.add("Hi"); list.add("everyone!"); list.add("Was"); list.add("the"); list.add("pizza"); list.add("good?");? for (String s : list) ?????? System.out.println(s); 很清晰、方便,一看便知其用法 3 可變參數(shù)(Variable Arguments) 實(shí)現(xiàn)了更靈活的方法參數(shù)傳入方式,System.out.printf是個(gè)很好的例子 用法:void test(Object … args) 一個(gè)很容易理解的例子 public static int add(int ... args){
?????? int total = 0;???? ?????? for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) ????????????? total += args[i];?????? ?????? return total; } public static void main(String[] args){ ?????? int a; ?????? a = Varargs.add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10); ?????? System.out.println(a); } 4 自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)裝箱和解箱操作(Boxing/Unboxing Conversions) 說明:實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本類型與外覆類之間的隱式轉(zhuǎn)換。基本類型至外覆類的轉(zhuǎn)換稱為裝箱,外覆類至基本類型的轉(zhuǎn)換為解箱。這些類包括 Primitive Type???? Reference Type boolean?????????? Boolean byte????????????? Byte char????????????? Character short???????????? Short int?????????????? Integer long????????????? Long float????????????? Float double??????????? Double 例如,舊的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式 Integer intObject;
int intPrimitive; ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList(); intPrimitive = 11; intObject = new Integer(intPrimitive); arrayList.put(intObject); // 不能放入int類型,只能使Integer 新的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式 int intPrimitive;
ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList(); intPrimitive = 11; //在這里intPrimitive被自動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)換為Integer類型 arrayList.put(intPrimitive); 5 靜態(tài)導(dǎo)入(Static Imports) 很簡(jiǎn)單的東西,看一個(gè)例子: 沒有靜態(tài)導(dǎo)入 Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2)); ?
有了靜態(tài)導(dǎo)入 import static java.lang.Math.*;
sqrt(pow(x, 2) + pow(y, 2)); ? 其中import static java.lang.Math.*;就是靜態(tài)導(dǎo)入的語法,它的意思是導(dǎo)入Math類中的所有static方法和屬性。這樣我們?cè)谑褂眠@些方法和屬性時(shí)就不必寫類名。 需要注意的是默認(rèn)包無法用靜態(tài)導(dǎo)入,另外如果導(dǎo)入的類中有重復(fù)的方法和屬性則需要寫出類名,否則編譯時(shí)無法通過。 6 枚舉類(Enumeration Classes) 用法:public enum Name {types, ….} 簡(jiǎn)單的例子: public enum Colors {Red, Yellow, Blue, Orange, Green, Purple, Brown, Black}
public static void main(String[] args){ ??? Colors myColor = Colors.Red; ??? System.out.println(myColor); } 又一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單例子: import java.util.*;
enum OperatingSystems {windows, unix, linux, macintosh} public class EnumExample1 { ??? public static void main(String args[])? { ??????? OperatingSystems os; ??????? os = OperatingSystems.windows; ??????? switch(os) { ??????????? case windows: ??????????????? System.out.println(“You chose Windows!”); ??????????????? break; ??????????? case unix: ??????????????? System.out.println(“You chose Unix!”); ??????????????? break; ??????????? case linux: ??????????????? System.out.println(“You chose Linux!”); ??????????????? break; ??????????? case macintosh: ??????????????? System.out.println(“You chose Macintosh!”); ??????????????? break; ??????????? default: ??????????????? System.out.println(“I don’t know your OS.”); ??????????????? break; ??????? } ??? } } 應(yīng)運(yùn)enum簡(jiǎn)寫的例子: import java.util.*;
public class EnumTest { ?? public static void main(String[] args) ?? { ????? Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); ????? System.out.print("Enter a size: (SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRA_LARGE) "); ????? String input = in.next().toUpperCase(); ????? Size size = Enum.valueOf(Size.class, input); ????? System.out.println("size=" + size); ????? System.out.println("abbreviation=" + size.getAbbreviation()); ????? if (size == Size.EXTRA_LARGE) ???????? System.out.println("Good job--you paid attention to the _."); ?? } }
enum Size { ?? SMALL("S"), MEDIUM("M"), LARGE("L"), EXTRA_LARGE("XL");
?? private Size(String abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; } ?? public String getAbbreviation() { return abbreviation; } ?? private String abbreviation; } enum類中擁有方法的一個(gè)例子: enum ProgramFlags {
??? showErrors(0x01), ??? includeFileOutput(0x02), ??? useAlternateProcessor(0x04); ??? private int bit; ??? ProgramFlags(int bitNumber) { ??????? bit = bitNumber; ??? } ??? public int getBitNumber()?? { ??????? return(bit); ??? } } public class EnumBitmapExample { ??? public static void main(String args[])? { ??????? ProgramFlags flag = ProgramFlags.showErrors; ??????? System.out.println(“Flag selected is: “ + ??????? flag.ordinal() + ??????? “ which is “ + ??????? flag.name()); ??? } } 7? 元數(shù)據(jù)(Meta data) 請(qǐng)參考 http://www-900.ibm.com/developerWorks/cn/java/j-annotate1/ http://www-900.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-annotate2.shtml 8 Building Strings(StringBuilder類) 在JDK5.0中引入了StringBuilder類,該類的方法不是同步(synchronized)的,這使得它比StringBuffer更加輕量級(jí)和有效。 9 控制臺(tái)輸入(Console Input) 在JDK5.0之前我們只能通過JOptionPane.showInputDialog進(jìn)行輸入,但在5.0中我們可以通過類Scanner在控制臺(tái)進(jìn)行輸入操作 ?例如在1.4中的輸入 String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(prompt);
int n = Integer.parseInt(input); double x = Double.parseDouble(input); s = input; 在5.0中我們可以 Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(prompt); int n = in.nextInt(); double x = in.nextDouble(); String s = in.nextLine(); 10????? Covariant Return Types(不曉得怎么翻譯,大概是 改變返回類型) JDK5之前我們覆蓋一個(gè)方法時(shí)我們無法改變被方法的返回類型,但在JDK5中我們可以改變它 例如1.4中我們只能 public Object clone() { ... }
... Employee cloned = (Employee) e.clone(); 但是在5.0中我們可以改變返回類型為Employee public Employee clone() { ... }
... Employee cloned = e.clone(); 11 格式化I/O(Formatted I/O) 增加了類似C的格式化輸入輸出,簡(jiǎn)單的例子: public class TestFormat{
??? public static void main(String[] args){ ??????? int a = 150000, b = 10; ??????? float c = 5.0101f, d = 3.14f; ??????? System.out.printf("%4d %4d%n", a, b); ??????? System.out.printf("%x %x%n", a, b); ??????? System.out.printf("%3.2f %1.1f%n", c, d); ??????? System.out.printf("%1.3e %1.3e%n", c, d*100); ??? } } 輸出結(jié)果為: 150000?? 10 249f0 a 5.01 3.1 5.010e+00 3.140e+02 下面是一些格式化參數(shù)說明(摘自Core Java 2 Volume I - Fundamentals, Seventh Edition)
Table 3-5. Conversions for printf
Conversion Character | Type | Example | d | Decimal integer | 159 | x | Hexadecimal integer | 9f | o | Octal integer | 237 | f | Fixed-point floating-point | 15.9 | e | Exponential floating-point | 1.59E+01 | g | General floating-point (the shorter of e and f) |
| a | Hexadecimal floating point | 0x1.fccdp3 | s | String | Hello | c | Character | H | b | Boolean | TRUE | h | Hash code | 42628b2 | tx | Date and time | See Table 3-7 | % | The percent symbol | % | n | The platform-dependent line separator |
|
Table 3-7. Date and Time Conversion Characters Conversion Character | Type | Example | C | Complete date and time | Mon Feb 09 18:05:19 PST 2004 | F | ISO 8601 date | 2004-02-09 | D | U.S. formatted date (month/day/year) | 02/09/2004 | T | 24-hour time | 18:05:19 | r | 12-hour time | 06:05:19 pm | R | 24-hour time, no seconds | 18:05 | Y | Four-digit year (with leading zeroes) | 2004 | y | Last two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) | 04 | C | First two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) | 20 | B | Full month name | February | b or h | Abbreviated month name | Feb | m | Two-digit month (with leading zeroes) | 02 | d | Two-digit day (with leading zeroes) | 09 | e | Two-digit day (without leading zeroes) | 9 | A | Full weekday name | Monday | a | Abbreviated weekday name | Mon | j | Three-digit day of year (with leading zeroes), between 001 and 366 | 069 | H | Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 00 and 23 | 18 | k | Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 0 and 23 | 18 | I | Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 01 and 12 | 06 | l | Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 1 and 12 | 6 | M | Two-digit minutes (with leading zeroes) | 05 | S | Two-digit seconds (with leading zeroes) | 19 | L | Three-digit milliseconds (with leading zeroes) | 047 | N | Nine-digit nanoseconds (with leading zeroes) | 047000000 | P | Uppercase morning or afternoon marker | PM | p | Lowercase morning or afternoon marker | pm | z | RFC 822 numeric offset from GMT | -0800 | Z | Time zone | PST | s | Seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT | 1078884319 | E | Milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT | 1078884319047 |
Table 3-6. Flags for printf Flag | Purpose | Example | + | Prints sign for positive and negative numbers | +3333.33 | space | Adds a space before positive numbers | | 3333.33| | 0 | Adds leading zeroes | 003333.33 | - | Left-justifies field | |3333.33 | | ( | Encloses negative number in parentheses | (3333.33) | , | Adds group separators | 3,333.33 | # (for f format) | Always includes a decimal point | 3,333. | # (for x or o format) | Adds 0x or 0 prefix | 0xcafe | ^ | Converts to upper case | 0XCAFE | $ | Specifies the index of the argument to be formatted; for example, %1$d %1$x prints the first argument in decimal and hexadecimal | 159 9F | < | Formats the same value as the previous specification; for example, %d %<x prints the same number in decimal and hexadecimal |
|
這里是一些簡(jiǎn)單的介紹,更詳細(xì)的說明請(qǐng)參考: Core Java 2 Volume I - Fundamentals, Seventh Edition Core Java 2 Volume II - Advanced Features, Seventh Edition 里面都有一些很精彩的描述,中文名稱就是《Java核心技術(shù)》。只有第七版才有J2SE5.0的介紹,但是第七版好像還沒有中文版。本文還參考了Professional Java JDK - 5th Edition.
|